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<p>Antimicrobial resistance is the most critical global health challenge, largely complicating the treatment of infections caused by multi-drug-resistant pathogens. Among them, ESKAPEE pathogens comprise <i>Enterococcus faecium</i>,<i> Staphylococcus aureus</i>,<i> Klebsiella pneumoniae</i>,<i> Acinetobacter baumannii</i>,<i> Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>,<i> Enterobacter species</i>, and <i>Escherichia coli</i>, which emerged as significant pathogens due to their ability to evade conventional antibiotics. These pathogens cause millions of infections and thousands of deaths every year, mainly in the healthcare sector. Their resistance mechanisms may include modification of targets for antibiotics, increased efflux pump activity, decreased influx, and inactivation of antibiotics. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) represent a new candidate whose broad-spectrum activity against microorganisms often protects against susceptible pathogens. AMPs, naturally present in most living organisms as part of innate immunity, are now synthetically produced to harness their antimicrobial properties in therapeutic applications. Moreover, their mechanisms of action make them unique and capable of circumventing the classical resistance pathways. Thus, they offer hope in combating ESKAPEE pathogens. This review discusses the prevalence and clinical significance of ESKAPEE pathogens, their resistance mechanisms, and the possible roles of AMPs in developing effective therapy. With these escalating trends in AMR globally, understanding their dynamics is of prime importance to improve infection control measures and patient outcomes in critical care environments. In addition to an overview of available information on the biology and drug-resistance mechanisms of these pathogens, the review also evaluates the antimicrobial activity of AMPs against multidrug-resistant bacteria, discusses their benefits compared to traditional antibiotics, and highlights significant drawbacks that could limit their clinical use.</p>

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Antimicrobial Peptides and ESKAPEE Pathogens: A New Frontier in the Fight Against Antimicrobial Resistance

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月25日

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  • Biju Kottillingal Chandran,
  • Ananthi Sivagnanam,
  • Balasankar Thangasamy,
  • Vishnu Priya Veeraraghavan,
  • Arul Prakash Francis

摘要

Antimicrobial resistance is the most critical global health challenge, largely complicating the treatment of infections caused by multi-drug-resistant pathogens. Among them, ESKAPEE pathogens comprise Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter species, and Escherichia coli, which emerged as significant pathogens due to their ability to evade conventional antibiotics. These pathogens cause millions of infections and thousands of deaths every year, mainly in the healthcare sector. Their resistance mechanisms may include modification of targets for antibiotics, increased efflux pump activity, decreased influx, and inactivation of antibiotics. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) represent a new candidate whose broad-spectrum activity against microorganisms often protects against susceptible pathogens. AMPs, naturally present in most living organisms as part of innate immunity, are now synthetically produced to harness their antimicrobial properties in therapeutic applications. Moreover, their mechanisms of action make them unique and capable of circumventing the classical resistance pathways. Thus, they offer hope in combating ESKAPEE pathogens. This review discusses the prevalence and clinical significance of ESKAPEE pathogens, their resistance mechanisms, and the possible roles of AMPs in developing effective therapy. With these escalating trends in AMR globally, understanding their dynamics is of prime importance to improve infection control measures and patient outcomes in critical care environments. In addition to an overview of available information on the biology and drug-resistance mechanisms of these pathogens, the review also evaluates the antimicrobial activity of AMPs against multidrug-resistant bacteria, discusses their benefits compared to traditional antibiotics, and highlights significant drawbacks that could limit their clinical use.