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<p>Total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) accumulation is a major constraint in intensive aquaculture, leading to oxidative stress, immune dysregulation, and growth inhibition in fish. This review aims to clarify the mechanisms by which probiotics mitigate TAN-induced stress in fish, with emphasis on both environmental and host-mediated processes. Current evidence indicates that probiotics—particularly <i>Bacillus</i> and <i>Lactobacillus</i> species—alleviate TAN stress by enhancing nitrogen transformation and biodegradation, reinforcing antioxidant and immune defenses, and stabilizing intestinal and environmental microbiota. Strain-specific probiotics further improve water quality and modulate host physiological and molecular responses, thereby enhancing tolerance to both acute and chronic ammonia exposure. In addition, the fish gut microbiota represents a promising reservoir of functionally adapted probiotic strains. By integrating microbial, physiological, and molecular perspectives, this review highlights probiotics as a sustainable strategy for reducing TAN stress and promoting fish health in modern aquaculture systems.</p>

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Progress on the Mechanisms of Probiotics in Mitigating Ammonia Nitrogen Stress and Their Application in Fish

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月16日

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  • Yang Yu,
  • Zi-Yan Liu,
  • Tian-Sheng Zhu,
  • Xiao-Zheng Yu

摘要

Total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) accumulation is a major constraint in intensive aquaculture, leading to oxidative stress, immune dysregulation, and growth inhibition in fish. This review aims to clarify the mechanisms by which probiotics mitigate TAN-induced stress in fish, with emphasis on both environmental and host-mediated processes. Current evidence indicates that probiotics—particularly Bacillus and Lactobacillus species—alleviate TAN stress by enhancing nitrogen transformation and biodegradation, reinforcing antioxidant and immune defenses, and stabilizing intestinal and environmental microbiota. Strain-specific probiotics further improve water quality and modulate host physiological and molecular responses, thereby enhancing tolerance to both acute and chronic ammonia exposure. In addition, the fish gut microbiota represents a promising reservoir of functionally adapted probiotic strains. By integrating microbial, physiological, and molecular perspectives, this review highlights probiotics as a sustainable strategy for reducing TAN stress and promoting fish health in modern aquaculture systems.