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<p>The present study evaluated the efficacy and shelf-life of gel-based kairomone formulations containing host-associated hydrocarbons on the parasitism behavior of <i>Trichogramma chilonis</i> and <i>T. japonicum</i> under laboratory conditions. Four kairomonal compounds, namely <i>n</i>-hexadecanoic acid, <i>n</i>-octadecanoic acid, <i>n</i>-octadecane, and <i>n</i>-tricosane, were incorporated into Carbopol gel at two concentrations (200 and 500&#xa0;ppm) and evaluated using hexane-washed <i>Corcyra cephalonica</i> eggs. Parasitism was assessed at monthly intervals over a five-month storage period, and observations recorded at 7&#xa0;days after exposure were used to evaluate residual activity. Both parasitoid species exhibited higher parasitism on kairomone-treated eggs than on hexane-treated and gel-alone controls. Among the tested compounds, <i>n</i>-octadecane and <i>n</i>-octadecanoic acid generally maintained comparatively higher parasitism rates during the early storage periods. However, untreated eggs consistently supported the highest parasitism rates throughout the study, indicating that the kairomone formulations were unable to surpass the attractiveness of natural host eggs. Parasitism gradually declined with increasing storage duration, although measurable biological activity was retained for up to approximately four months under laboratory conditions. The reduction in activity during prolonged storage may be associated with the gradual depletion or degradation of active compounds within the gel matrix. The findings suggest that kairomone gel formulations can partially restore host-recognition cues removed by hexane washing and may serve as supportive tools under conditions where natural host-associated chemical cues are reduced. Further studies are required to improve formulation stability, identify additional bioactive compounds, and evaluate the performance of these formulations under semi-field and field conditions.</p>

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Shelf-life and efficacy of kairomone gel formulations in enhancing the foraging activity of Trichogramma spp.

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月16日

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  • Priyanshu Pawar,
  • Ramasamy Kanagaraj Murali Baskaran,
  • Pooja Kumari,
  • Nandish Patil,
  • M. N. Rudra Gouda

摘要

The present study evaluated the efficacy and shelf-life of gel-based kairomone formulations containing host-associated hydrocarbons on the parasitism behavior of Trichogramma chilonis and T. japonicum under laboratory conditions. Four kairomonal compounds, namely n-hexadecanoic acid, n-octadecanoic acid, n-octadecane, and n-tricosane, were incorporated into Carbopol gel at two concentrations (200 and 500 ppm) and evaluated using hexane-washed Corcyra cephalonica eggs. Parasitism was assessed at monthly intervals over a five-month storage period, and observations recorded at 7 days after exposure were used to evaluate residual activity. Both parasitoid species exhibited higher parasitism on kairomone-treated eggs than on hexane-treated and gel-alone controls. Among the tested compounds, n-octadecane and n-octadecanoic acid generally maintained comparatively higher parasitism rates during the early storage periods. However, untreated eggs consistently supported the highest parasitism rates throughout the study, indicating that the kairomone formulations were unable to surpass the attractiveness of natural host eggs. Parasitism gradually declined with increasing storage duration, although measurable biological activity was retained for up to approximately four months under laboratory conditions. The reduction in activity during prolonged storage may be associated with the gradual depletion or degradation of active compounds within the gel matrix. The findings suggest that kairomone gel formulations can partially restore host-recognition cues removed by hexane washing and may serve as supportive tools under conditions where natural host-associated chemical cues are reduced. Further studies are required to improve formulation stability, identify additional bioactive compounds, and evaluate the performance of these formulations under semi-field and field conditions.