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<p>The developmental biology and functional response of <i>Blaptostethus pallescens</i> (Poppius) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) were evaluated against <i>Tetranychus urticae</i> Koch under controlled laboratory conditions. The mean developmental durations of immature stages from the first to the fifth instar on nymphal stages were recorded to be 2.25 ± 0.09, 2.75 ± 0.14, 3.35 ± 0.10, 4.90 ± 0.22, and 9.15 ± 0.29&#xa0;days, respectively. Adult longevity was markedly reduced, with males surviving for only 3.00 ± 0.20&#xa0;days and females for 9.10 ± 0.37&#xa0;days, alongside a prolonged pre-oviposition period (7.60 ± 0.39&#xa0;days). Functional response analysis revealed a type II response across the egg, protonymph, deutonymph, and adult stages of <i>T. urticae</i>. Attack rates were highest on eggs (3.96&#xa0;h⁻<sup>1</sup>) and declined with increasing prey size, while handling time increased correspondingly. Prey consumption rose with prey density, with eggs being the most consumed stage at the highest density (141.8 ± 11.6 individuals at the density of 200). Numerical response indicated a significant increase in daily fecundity with rising prey density, particularly when protonymphs and adults were provided; however, oviposition remained suboptimal even at higher densities, suggesting that <i>T. urticae</i> is a nutritionally inadequate prey. These findings indicated that while <i>B. pallescens</i> possesses considerable predatory potential against spider mites, its developmental success and reproductive output are severely constrained when reared exclusively on <i>T. urticae</i>. This underscores the importance of prey diversity for its successful establishment in protected cropping systems and supports the targeted release of earlier instars for effective biological control.</p>

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From egg to adult? not quite: functional and numerical response constraints of Blaptostethus pallescens (Poppius) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) on a single prey regime

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月14日

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  • Mayur Deepak Wabhitkar,
  • Arshpreet Singh,
  • Manmeet Brar Bhullar,
  • Azadeh Farazmand,
  • Kamaldeep Singh Sangha

摘要

The developmental biology and functional response of Blaptostethus pallescens (Poppius) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) were evaluated against Tetranychus urticae Koch under controlled laboratory conditions. The mean developmental durations of immature stages from the first to the fifth instar on nymphal stages were recorded to be 2.25 ± 0.09, 2.75 ± 0.14, 3.35 ± 0.10, 4.90 ± 0.22, and 9.15 ± 0.29 days, respectively. Adult longevity was markedly reduced, with males surviving for only 3.00 ± 0.20 days and females for 9.10 ± 0.37 days, alongside a prolonged pre-oviposition period (7.60 ± 0.39 days). Functional response analysis revealed a type II response across the egg, protonymph, deutonymph, and adult stages of T. urticae. Attack rates were highest on eggs (3.96 h⁻1) and declined with increasing prey size, while handling time increased correspondingly. Prey consumption rose with prey density, with eggs being the most consumed stage at the highest density (141.8 ± 11.6 individuals at the density of 200). Numerical response indicated a significant increase in daily fecundity with rising prey density, particularly when protonymphs and adults were provided; however, oviposition remained suboptimal even at higher densities, suggesting that T. urticae is a nutritionally inadequate prey. These findings indicated that while B. pallescens possesses considerable predatory potential against spider mites, its developmental success and reproductive output are severely constrained when reared exclusively on T. urticae. This underscores the importance of prey diversity for its successful establishment in protected cropping systems and supports the targeted release of earlier instars for effective biological control.