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<p><i>Spodoptera frugiperda</i>, a pest long established in North and South America, was first reported in Africa in 2016 and subsequently detected in several Asian countries, including China and Pakistan. This pest has caused significant losses in maize crops of the Sindh Province (Pakistan), where it was initially reported based on larval morphology. However, the <i>S. frugiperda</i> plant host strains (maize or rice) present in Pakistan have not been verified using molecular techniques. In October 2019, three maize fields in the Okara, Pattoki, and Depalpur regions of Punjab Province, eastern Pakistan, were surveyed. <i>Spodoptera frugiperda</i> individuals initially collected as larvae and later as emerged adults were morphologically identified. Sequence analysis of 60 larvae (20 from each field) targeting the sex-linked Triosephosphate isomerase (<i>Tpi</i>) gene and the mitochondrial Cytochrome&#xa0;c Oxidase Subunit I (<i>COI</i>) gene confirmed that all sampled specimens were <i>S. frugiperda</i>. Further analysis of <i>Tpi</i> gene polymorphisms identified all individuals as the maize strain, with some exhibiting heterozygosity deficiencies at two loci. This study represents the first detection of <i>S. frugiperda</i> in Pakistan using both morphological and molecular techniques, contributing to more accurate identification and enabling timely management interventions.</p>

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Morphological and molecular identification of Spodoptera frugiperda, an alien lepidopteran pest invaded maize fields in Pakistan

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月16日

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  • Waqas Wakil,
  • Huiru Jia,
  • Nickolas G. Kavallieratos,
  • Nikoleta Eleftheriadou,
  • Abid Ali,
  • Pasco B. Avery

摘要

Spodoptera frugiperda, a pest long established in North and South America, was first reported in Africa in 2016 and subsequently detected in several Asian countries, including China and Pakistan. This pest has caused significant losses in maize crops of the Sindh Province (Pakistan), where it was initially reported based on larval morphology. However, the S. frugiperda plant host strains (maize or rice) present in Pakistan have not been verified using molecular techniques. In October 2019, three maize fields in the Okara, Pattoki, and Depalpur regions of Punjab Province, eastern Pakistan, were surveyed. Spodoptera frugiperda individuals initially collected as larvae and later as emerged adults were morphologically identified. Sequence analysis of 60 larvae (20 from each field) targeting the sex-linked Triosephosphate isomerase (Tpi) gene and the mitochondrial Cytochrome c Oxidase Subunit I (COI) gene confirmed that all sampled specimens were S. frugiperda. Further analysis of Tpi gene polymorphisms identified all individuals as the maize strain, with some exhibiting heterozygosity deficiencies at two loci. This study represents the first detection of S. frugiperda in Pakistan using both morphological and molecular techniques, contributing to more accurate identification and enabling timely management interventions.