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<p>Rare-earth elements are the promising candidates to improve the multiferroic properties of BiFeO<sub>3</sub> ceramics. Herein, two groups double rare-earth (La<sub>0.5</sub>Sm<sub>0.5</sub> and Gd<sub>0.5</sub>Sm<sub>0.5</sub>)-modified BiFeO<sub>3</sub> were synthesized via a solid-state reaction sintering process. The influence of the ionic radius of rare-earth elements on the structure and multiferroic properties was systematically investigated. Structural analysis revealed that the smaller ionic radius accelerated the phase transition process (i.e., <i>R</i>3<i>c-Pna</i>2<sub>1</sub><i>-Pbnm</i>) in BiFeO<sub>3</sub>. An increase in rare-earth content resulted in a linear decrease in the Curie temperature, and compositions doped with Gd<sub>0.5</sub>Sm<sub>0.5</sub>, which have a smaller ionic radius, experienced a more rapid decline. The substitution of rare-earth elements led to an increase in the coercive field (<i>E</i><sub>c</sub>)<sub>,</sub> and the Gd<sub>0.5</sub>Sm<sub>0.5</sub> system exhibited a larger <i>E</i><sub>c</sub>. Furthermore, all samples demonstrated improved ferroelectric properties compared to pure BiFeO<sub>3</sub>, with remanent polarization values exceeding 30&#xa0;µC&#xa0;cm<sup>−2</sup>, and reaching up to 40&#xa0;µC&#xa0;cm<sup>−2</sup> in the La<sub>0.5</sub>Sm<sub>0.5</sub>-substituted sample. Magnetic measurements showed that the Gd<sub>0.5</sub>Sm<sub>0.5</sub> co-doped composition yielded a more substantial enhancement in magnetization, reaching a maximum remanent magnetization (<i>M</i><sub>r</sub>) of 71.6&#xa0;emu&#xa0;mol<sup>−1</sup>. Additionally, the <i>M</i><sub>r</sub> decreased following direct current electric field poling conduction, indicating the presence of electric-field-controlled magnetization. These findings underscore the critical role of rare-earth element ionic radius in modifying the multiferroic properties of BiFeO<sub>3</sub>-based ceramics.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Effect of ionic radius on the structure and multiferroic properties in double rare-earth elements modified BiFeO3-based ceramics

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月24日

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  • Li-Hong Bai,
  • Juan Liu,
  • Yu Sun,
  • Tu-Lai Sun,
  • Meng-Ru Ge,
  • Ai-Lin Xia

摘要

Rare-earth elements are the promising candidates to improve the multiferroic properties of BiFeO3 ceramics. Herein, two groups double rare-earth (La0.5Sm0.5 and Gd0.5Sm0.5)-modified BiFeO3 were synthesized via a solid-state reaction sintering process. The influence of the ionic radius of rare-earth elements on the structure and multiferroic properties was systematically investigated. Structural analysis revealed that the smaller ionic radius accelerated the phase transition process (i.e., R3c-Pna21-Pbnm) in BiFeO3. An increase in rare-earth content resulted in a linear decrease in the Curie temperature, and compositions doped with Gd0.5Sm0.5, which have a smaller ionic radius, experienced a more rapid decline. The substitution of rare-earth elements led to an increase in the coercive field (Ec), and the Gd0.5Sm0.5 system exhibited a larger Ec. Furthermore, all samples demonstrated improved ferroelectric properties compared to pure BiFeO3, with remanent polarization values exceeding 30 µC cm−2, and reaching up to 40 µC cm−2 in the La0.5Sm0.5-substituted sample. Magnetic measurements showed that the Gd0.5Sm0.5 co-doped composition yielded a more substantial enhancement in magnetization, reaching a maximum remanent magnetization (Mr) of 71.6 emu mol−1. Additionally, the Mr decreased following direct current electric field poling conduction, indicating the presence of electric-field-controlled magnetization. These findings underscore the critical role of rare-earth element ionic radius in modifying the multiferroic properties of BiFeO3-based ceramics.

Graphical abstract