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<p>Excessive nitrogen emission caused by human activities has significantly disrupted the global nitrogen cycle, adversely affecting ecosystems and human health. Electrocatalytic nitrate reduction to valuable ammonia (eNRA) presents an encouraging alternative marked by mild reaction conditions, rapid reaction rates, and minimal byproduct pollution, successfully overcoming the challenges of the energy-intensive Haber–Bosch process. Recent innovations in two-dimensional (2D) electrocatalysts have emerged as a promising approach to enhance the efficiency and selectivity of this transformation. This review systematically examines the latest advancements in 2D materials, including metals, metal compounds, nonmetallic elements, and organic frameworks, highlighting their unique electronic properties and high surface area that facilitate the electrocatalytic reactions. We explore strategies to optimize these catalysts, such as doping, heterostructure, and surface functionalization, which have shown significant improvements in catalytic performance. Furthermore, the role of in situ/operando characterization techniques in understanding the reaction mechanisms is highlighted, aiming to provide both theoretical and practical insights for the research and development of 2D nano-electrocatalysts during eNRA. Additionally, future perspectives and ongoing challenges are discussed to offer insights for transitioning from experimental investigations to real-world applications.</p> Graphic abstract <p></p>

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Two-dimensional electrocatalysts: recent innovations in the nitrate-to-ammonia conversion

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月8日

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  • Jia-Qiao Wang,
  • Lin Gu,
  • Zi-Yang Wu,
  • Chang Wu,
  • Shailendra-Kumar Sharma,
  • Hui Xu,
  • Jian-Ping Yang

摘要

Excessive nitrogen emission caused by human activities has significantly disrupted the global nitrogen cycle, adversely affecting ecosystems and human health. Electrocatalytic nitrate reduction to valuable ammonia (eNRA) presents an encouraging alternative marked by mild reaction conditions, rapid reaction rates, and minimal byproduct pollution, successfully overcoming the challenges of the energy-intensive Haber–Bosch process. Recent innovations in two-dimensional (2D) electrocatalysts have emerged as a promising approach to enhance the efficiency and selectivity of this transformation. This review systematically examines the latest advancements in 2D materials, including metals, metal compounds, nonmetallic elements, and organic frameworks, highlighting their unique electronic properties and high surface area that facilitate the electrocatalytic reactions. We explore strategies to optimize these catalysts, such as doping, heterostructure, and surface functionalization, which have shown significant improvements in catalytic performance. Furthermore, the role of in situ/operando characterization techniques in understanding the reaction mechanisms is highlighted, aiming to provide both theoretical and practical insights for the research and development of 2D nano-electrocatalysts during eNRA. Additionally, future perspectives and ongoing challenges are discussed to offer insights for transitioning from experimental investigations to real-world applications.

Graphic abstract