<p>Solid-state polymer sodium batteries (SPSBs) are promising candidates for achieving higher energy density and safe energy storage. However, interface issues between oxide cathode and solid-state polymer electrolyte are a great challenge for their commercial application. In contrast, soft sulfur-based materials feature better interface contact and chemical compatibility. Herein, an interfacial compatible polysulfide Ti<sub>4</sub>P<sub>8</sub>S<sub>29</sub> with robust Ti–S bonding and a highly active P–S unit is tailored as a high-performance cathode for SPSBs. The Ti<sub>4</sub>P<sub>8</sub>S<sub>29</sub> cathode possesses a three-dimensional channel structure for offering ample Na<sup>+</sup> diffusion pathways. The assembled poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP)-based SPSBs deliver a discharge capacity of 136&#xa0;mAh·g<sup>−1</sup> at 0.5C after 200 cycles. Furthermore, a discharge capacity of 88&#xa0;mAh·g<sup>−1</sup> is retained after 600 cycles at a high rate of 2C, surpassing many cathode materials in SPSBs. A dual-site redox of Ti<sup>4+</sup>/Ti<sup>3+</sup> and S<sup>−</sup>/S<sup>2−</sup> is verified by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) tests. Interestingly, a refined locally-ordered amorphous structure is unveiled by in situ and ex situ characterizations. The as-formed electrode structure with lots of open channels and isotropic properties are more beneficial for ion diffusion on the interface of electrode and solid-state polymer electrolytes (SPEs), leading to faster Na<sup>+</sup> diffusion kinetics. This work proposes a strategy of modulating open-channel to boost conversion kinetics in polysulfide cathode and opens a new pathway for designing high-performance SPSBs.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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An interfacial compatible Ti4P8S29 polysulfide cathode with open channels for high-rate solid-state polymer sodium batteries

  • You-Tan Pan,
  • Xue Wang,
  • Bai-Xin Peng,
  • Ke-Yan Hu,
  • Chong Zheng,
  • Yu-Qiang Fang,
  • Wu-Jie Dong,
  • Fu-Qiang Huang

摘要

Solid-state polymer sodium batteries (SPSBs) are promising candidates for achieving higher energy density and safe energy storage. However, interface issues between oxide cathode and solid-state polymer electrolyte are a great challenge for their commercial application. In contrast, soft sulfur-based materials feature better interface contact and chemical compatibility. Herein, an interfacial compatible polysulfide Ti4P8S29 with robust Ti–S bonding and a highly active P–S unit is tailored as a high-performance cathode for SPSBs. The Ti4P8S29 cathode possesses a three-dimensional channel structure for offering ample Na+ diffusion pathways. The assembled poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP)-based SPSBs deliver a discharge capacity of 136 mAh·g−1 at 0.5C after 200 cycles. Furthermore, a discharge capacity of 88 mAh·g−1 is retained after 600 cycles at a high rate of 2C, surpassing many cathode materials in SPSBs. A dual-site redox of Ti4+/Ti3+ and S/S2− is verified by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) tests. Interestingly, a refined locally-ordered amorphous structure is unveiled by in situ and ex situ characterizations. The as-formed electrode structure with lots of open channels and isotropic properties are more beneficial for ion diffusion on the interface of electrode and solid-state polymer electrolytes (SPEs), leading to faster Na+ diffusion kinetics. This work proposes a strategy of modulating open-channel to boost conversion kinetics in polysulfide cathode and opens a new pathway for designing high-performance SPSBs.

Graphical abstract