Structural engineering of Sb-based electrode materials to enhance advanced sodium-ion batteries

Antimony (Sb) is recognized as a potential electrode material for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) due to its huge reserves, affordability, and high theoretical capacity (660 mAh·g⁻¹). However, Sb-based materials experience significant volume expansion during cycling, leading to comminution of the active substance and limiting their practical use in SIBs. Therefore, the volume expansion issue of Sb-based materials during charging/discharging must be solved to create high-performance SIBs. This paper presents a detailed review of structural engineering of Sb-based electrode materials, focusing on the performance effects of different kinds of structures on advanced performance SIBs. Finally, the future development and the challenges of Sb-based materials are prospected. This paper can provide specific perspectives on the structure construction and optimization of Sb-based anode materials, so as to promote the rapid development and practical applications of SIBs.