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<p>The rising costs of services and increasing environmental concerns push supply chains to adopt efficient management strategies. This paper designs an integrated network of two green closed-loop supply chains with heterogeneous products, sharing warehousing and fleet operations to enhance overall efficiency. Additionally, chains collaborate by allocating part of the returned items from consumers for the production of new products, supporting a circular economy. A mixed-integer nonlinear bi-objective model is proposed to minimize total network costs and fuel consumption. The model incorporates the vehicle routing problem with simultaneous pickup and delivery, using cross-docking to streamline operations. The fleet includes vehicles powered by both green and non-green fuels, enabling network design in both eco-friendly and conventional modes. The model is solved exactly for small to medium-sized problems, while three metaheuristic algorithms (NSGA-II, NRGA, and MOPSO) are developed to handle larger-scale cases efficiently. The results reinforce the advantages of collaboration within supply chains, demonstrating how the integration of shared resources and operational practices can enhance efficiency, sustainability, and environmental performance across the network. Also, a comparative analysis between shared and non-shared strategies highlights that the shared approach significantly reduces both operational costs and environmental impacts.</p>

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Optimization of an integrated interactive green closed-loop supply chain network with a shared heterogeneous warehouse and fleet

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月29日

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  • Mohsen Manouchehri,
  • Farhad Etebari,
  • Abolfazl Kazemi,
  • Behnam Vahdani

摘要

The rising costs of services and increasing environmental concerns push supply chains to adopt efficient management strategies. This paper designs an integrated network of two green closed-loop supply chains with heterogeneous products, sharing warehousing and fleet operations to enhance overall efficiency. Additionally, chains collaborate by allocating part of the returned items from consumers for the production of new products, supporting a circular economy. A mixed-integer nonlinear bi-objective model is proposed to minimize total network costs and fuel consumption. The model incorporates the vehicle routing problem with simultaneous pickup and delivery, using cross-docking to streamline operations. The fleet includes vehicles powered by both green and non-green fuels, enabling network design in both eco-friendly and conventional modes. The model is solved exactly for small to medium-sized problems, while three metaheuristic algorithms (NSGA-II, NRGA, and MOPSO) are developed to handle larger-scale cases efficiently. The results reinforce the advantages of collaboration within supply chains, demonstrating how the integration of shared resources and operational practices can enhance efficiency, sustainability, and environmental performance across the network. Also, a comparative analysis between shared and non-shared strategies highlights that the shared approach significantly reduces both operational costs and environmental impacts.