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<p>This study reports the investigation of the nonlinear optical properties of Mn₃O₄ nanoparticles using the spatial self-phase modulation (SSPM) technique with a 532&#xa0;nm continuous-wave diode-pumped solid-state (CW-DPSS) laser. The Mn₃O₄ nanoparticles were synthesized through an ultrasonication-assisted precipitation method. Structural and morphological characterizations of the prepared nanoparticles were carried out using X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. When a high-intensity laser beam propagates through the medium, a phase change occurs in the beam, leading to the formation of an interference pattern in the far field. From this phenomenon, the nonlinear refractive index (n₂) and the thermo-optic coefficient (dn/dT) of the Mn₃O₄ nanoparticles were determined. The influence of parameters such as sample concentration, laser intensity, wavefront curvature, and solvent on the nonlinear optical response was systematically analyzed and the results are presented. In addition, optical modulation based on spatial self-phase modulation was demonstrated. The realization of an optical OR logic gate using this effect is also reported. The findings highlight the promising potential of Mn₃O₄ nanoparticles for applications in photonic and optical device technologies.</p>

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Spatial self phase modulation and realization of all optical OR gate using Mn3O4 nanoparticles

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月26日

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  • K. V. Jayaprasad,
  • Titu Thomas,
  • Manu Vaishakh,
  • Sheenu Thomas

摘要

This study reports the investigation of the nonlinear optical properties of Mn₃O₄ nanoparticles using the spatial self-phase modulation (SSPM) technique with a 532 nm continuous-wave diode-pumped solid-state (CW-DPSS) laser. The Mn₃O₄ nanoparticles were synthesized through an ultrasonication-assisted precipitation method. Structural and morphological characterizations of the prepared nanoparticles were carried out using X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. When a high-intensity laser beam propagates through the medium, a phase change occurs in the beam, leading to the formation of an interference pattern in the far field. From this phenomenon, the nonlinear refractive index (n₂) and the thermo-optic coefficient (dn/dT) of the Mn₃O₄ nanoparticles were determined. The influence of parameters such as sample concentration, laser intensity, wavefront curvature, and solvent on the nonlinear optical response was systematically analyzed and the results are presented. In addition, optical modulation based on spatial self-phase modulation was demonstrated. The realization of an optical OR logic gate using this effect is also reported. The findings highlight the promising potential of Mn₃O₄ nanoparticles for applications in photonic and optical device technologies.