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<p>Lead-free perovskite materials are increasingly investigated for environmentally sustainable optoelectronic and photovoltaic applications; however, their implementation in high-performance tandem solar cells remains challenging. While perovskite tandem architectures have been widely explored, systematic numerical studies of fully lead-free all-perovskite tandems remain limited, particularly from an optoelectronic device-design perspective. In this work, a comprehensive numerical design and optimization of a lead-free all-perovskite tandem solar cell is performed using the SCAPS-1D device simulator. The proposed two-terminal tandem architecture combines a wide-bandgap MAGeI₃ (1.9&#xa0;eV) top sub-cell with a stabilized narrow-bandgap (FA₀.₉EA₀.₁)₀.₉₈EDA₀.₀₁SnI₃ (1.42&#xa0;eV) bottom sub-cell to achieve complementary spectral absorption and efficient utilization of the solar spectrum across the visible and near-infrared regions. The individual sub-cells are first independently optimized, followed by a current-matching strategy to construct the tandem device. The study provides optoelectronic device-level insights through a systematic analysis of absorber thickness, bulk defect density, energy-band alignment, charge-transport-layer energetics, back-contact work-function requirements, and operating temperature. Under optimized and idealized simulation conditions, the tandem device attains an upper-bound power conversion efficiency of 36.67%, with an open-circuit voltage of 2.96&#xa0;V, a matched current density of 15.22&#xa0;mA cm⁻², and a fill factor of 81.4%. In addition, the device exhibits strong thermal resilience, maintaining efficiencies above 30% at elevated operating temperatures up to 450&#xa0;K. The results establish quantitative optoelectronic performance limits and practical design constraints for lead-free all-perovskite tandem solar cells, providing guidance for future experimental development of sustainable tandem photovoltaic devices.</p>

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Numerical design and optimization of a lead-free all-perovskite tandem solar cell using SCAPS-1D

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月19日

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  • Mohammad Amoozesh,
  • Samaneh Soleimani-Amiri

摘要

Lead-free perovskite materials are increasingly investigated for environmentally sustainable optoelectronic and photovoltaic applications; however, their implementation in high-performance tandem solar cells remains challenging. While perovskite tandem architectures have been widely explored, systematic numerical studies of fully lead-free all-perovskite tandems remain limited, particularly from an optoelectronic device-design perspective. In this work, a comprehensive numerical design and optimization of a lead-free all-perovskite tandem solar cell is performed using the SCAPS-1D device simulator. The proposed two-terminal tandem architecture combines a wide-bandgap MAGeI₃ (1.9 eV) top sub-cell with a stabilized narrow-bandgap (FA₀.₉EA₀.₁)₀.₉₈EDA₀.₀₁SnI₃ (1.42 eV) bottom sub-cell to achieve complementary spectral absorption and efficient utilization of the solar spectrum across the visible and near-infrared regions. The individual sub-cells are first independently optimized, followed by a current-matching strategy to construct the tandem device. The study provides optoelectronic device-level insights through a systematic analysis of absorber thickness, bulk defect density, energy-band alignment, charge-transport-layer energetics, back-contact work-function requirements, and operating temperature. Under optimized and idealized simulation conditions, the tandem device attains an upper-bound power conversion efficiency of 36.67%, with an open-circuit voltage of 2.96 V, a matched current density of 15.22 mA cm⁻², and a fill factor of 81.4%. In addition, the device exhibits strong thermal resilience, maintaining efficiencies above 30% at elevated operating temperatures up to 450 K. The results establish quantitative optoelectronic performance limits and practical design constraints for lead-free all-perovskite tandem solar cells, providing guidance for future experimental development of sustainable tandem photovoltaic devices.