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<p>Underwater Optical Communication (UWOC) is one of the key research areas in underwater exploration as it can aid in real-time data transmission. UWOC has potential applications in defence, the oil exploration industry, and underwater surveillance. The main challenge to establishing a UWOC link is the nature of the channel itself, including turbidity, salinity, and water currents, which create hindrances in UWOC performance. All of these factors contribute to the attenuation of the signal at the receiver, affecting the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and the Bit Error Rate (BER). Possible solutions to overcome these challenges can be achieved through the implementation of different modulation schemes and the application of various mitigation techniques, which can offer improved link performance. In this paper, we present the development of a UWOC system and its implementation with different modulation formats, such as On–Off Keying (Non-Return-to-Zero and Return-to-Zero), Pulse Interval Modulation, and Pulse-Position Modulation. We have also implemented various Forward Error Correction codes, including Repeat code, Hamming code, Bose–Chaudhuri–Hocquenghem code, and Reed-Solomon code, to mitigate the adverse channel effects and improve the link performance. We have further estimated the practical Bit Error Rates (BERs) while transmitting real-time file transfers at data rates on the order of Mbps (6&#xa0;Mbps). The practical BERs were measured for different data rates and various levels of water turbidity (1 and 2 Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTUs)). The measured BERs showed negligible values up to data rates of 50 kbps for 1 NTU to 2 NTU. However, BERs slowly increased and reached up to 90% for higher data rates, impacting the link performance. We established links for different modulation formats and measured BERs when applying the mentioned FECs to assess their effectiveness.</p>

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Practical implementation and performance evaluation of different modulation and forward error correction techniques in underwater optical communication testbed

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月21日

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  • B. C. Dhanush Devappa,
  • Kalyani Pawar,
  • Shreyas Jain,
  • S. L. Sathiya Narayanan,
  • Kunal Pradip Mahale,
  • Appala Venkata Ramana Murthy

摘要

Underwater Optical Communication (UWOC) is one of the key research areas in underwater exploration as it can aid in real-time data transmission. UWOC has potential applications in defence, the oil exploration industry, and underwater surveillance. The main challenge to establishing a UWOC link is the nature of the channel itself, including turbidity, salinity, and water currents, which create hindrances in UWOC performance. All of these factors contribute to the attenuation of the signal at the receiver, affecting the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and the Bit Error Rate (BER). Possible solutions to overcome these challenges can be achieved through the implementation of different modulation schemes and the application of various mitigation techniques, which can offer improved link performance. In this paper, we present the development of a UWOC system and its implementation with different modulation formats, such as On–Off Keying (Non-Return-to-Zero and Return-to-Zero), Pulse Interval Modulation, and Pulse-Position Modulation. We have also implemented various Forward Error Correction codes, including Repeat code, Hamming code, Bose–Chaudhuri–Hocquenghem code, and Reed-Solomon code, to mitigate the adverse channel effects and improve the link performance. We have further estimated the practical Bit Error Rates (BERs) while transmitting real-time file transfers at data rates on the order of Mbps (6 Mbps). The practical BERs were measured for different data rates and various levels of water turbidity (1 and 2 Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTUs)). The measured BERs showed negligible values up to data rates of 50 kbps for 1 NTU to 2 NTU. However, BERs slowly increased and reached up to 90% for higher data rates, impacting the link performance. We established links for different modulation formats and measured BERs when applying the mentioned FECs to assess their effectiveness.