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<p>Nyquist pulse shaping-based dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) systems are critical for optimizing spectral efficiency while minimizing bandwidth use in current optical communication networks. However, these systems’ performance is extremely susceptible to changes in channel spacing, which impacts inter-channel crosstalk, noise accumulation, and nonlinear impairments. This paper provides a thorough performance investigation of hybrid optical amplifiers—Raman-EDFA-Raman, Raman-EDFA, EDFA-SOA, and SOA-SOA—under various channel spacing conditions. To analyze the impact of hybrid amplifiers on signal quality, the study looks at crucial factors such as bit error rate (BER), Quality Factor (Q), and Output Power. Simulations and experimental data show that Raman-based hybrid amplifiers outperform ultra-dense Nyquist systems, with low noise and little nonlinear effects even at tight channel spacing. SOA-based designs, on the other hand, experience significant degradation due to high amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise and strong nonlinearities, demanding a wider channel spacing for acceptable performance. This work includes 100 Nyquist Pulse Shaped channels with a data rate of 40&#xa0;Gbps using NRZ format and a hybrid optical amplifier combination of (RAMAN-EDFA-RAMAN + APD (InGaAs), (RAMAN-EDFA + APD (InGaAs), (EDFA-SOA + APD (InGaAs), and (SOA-SOA + APD(InGaAs). The system is tested at varied distances of 500&#xa0;km, with an overall data rate of 4&#xa0;Tb/s. This work emphasizes the relevance of hybrid amplifier selection in optimizing Nyquist pulse-shaped systems and provides insights into developing durable optical links with varied channel spacing. The findings offer useful recommendations for constructing cost-effective, high-capacity optical networks that are suited to specific operational restrictions and performance needs.</p>

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Performance analysis of hybrid optical amplifiers for Nyquist super channel based dense multiplexed system in presence of variation in channel spacing

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月8日

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  • Deepak Sahu,
  • Chakresh Kumar

摘要

Nyquist pulse shaping-based dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) systems are critical for optimizing spectral efficiency while minimizing bandwidth use in current optical communication networks. However, these systems’ performance is extremely susceptible to changes in channel spacing, which impacts inter-channel crosstalk, noise accumulation, and nonlinear impairments. This paper provides a thorough performance investigation of hybrid optical amplifiers—Raman-EDFA-Raman, Raman-EDFA, EDFA-SOA, and SOA-SOA—under various channel spacing conditions. To analyze the impact of hybrid amplifiers on signal quality, the study looks at crucial factors such as bit error rate (BER), Quality Factor (Q), and Output Power. Simulations and experimental data show that Raman-based hybrid amplifiers outperform ultra-dense Nyquist systems, with low noise and little nonlinear effects even at tight channel spacing. SOA-based designs, on the other hand, experience significant degradation due to high amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise and strong nonlinearities, demanding a wider channel spacing for acceptable performance. This work includes 100 Nyquist Pulse Shaped channels with a data rate of 40 Gbps using NRZ format and a hybrid optical amplifier combination of (RAMAN-EDFA-RAMAN + APD (InGaAs), (RAMAN-EDFA + APD (InGaAs), (EDFA-SOA + APD (InGaAs), and (SOA-SOA + APD(InGaAs). The system is tested at varied distances of 500 km, with an overall data rate of 4 Tb/s. This work emphasizes the relevance of hybrid amplifier selection in optimizing Nyquist pulse-shaped systems and provides insights into developing durable optical links with varied channel spacing. The findings offer useful recommendations for constructing cost-effective, high-capacity optical networks that are suited to specific operational restrictions and performance needs.