Enhancing the performance of AZO/ZnO-i/CdS/ CSTS hybrid solar cell by incorporating an ultra-thin P3HT layer: a combined simulation and impedance spectroscopy study using experimental results

This study presents a comprehensive analysis of an innovative hybrid solar cell (HSC) structure that incorporates Copper Zinc Tin Sulfide (CSTS) and Poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) layers. The impact of P3HT as a hole transport layer (HTL) on device performance is investigated, with a focus on optimizing its properties to enhance efficiency while maintaining cost-effectiveness and environmental friendliness. SCAPS-1D simulation software is used to systematically explore the effects of P3HT thickness, acceptor density, and bandgap on key performance parameters. The results demonstrate a significant improvement in power conversion efficiency (PCE) from 11.87% in the reference cell to 18.24% in the optimized hybrid structure. The optimal configuration features a 0.02 μm P3HT layer with an acceptor concentration of 10²⁰ cm⁻³ and a bandgap of 1.8 eV. Capacitance-frequency characteristics and complex impedance analyses elucidated the charge-carrier dynamics and recombination processes. Quantum efficiency analysis revealed enhanced light absorption in the visible range, whereas temperature-dependent studies identified optimal operation at 308.15 K, confirming the thermal stability of the device. This comprehensive study provides crucial insights into the design and optimization of CSTS-based hybrid solar cells, offering a promising pathway for the development of high-efficiency, stable, and sustainable photovoltaic devices.