Analysis of Kidney Stones Using Single Pulse Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (SP-LIBS) to Determine the Concentrations of Elements

The chemical structure of kidney stones was studied using single pulse laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (SP-LIBS). This approach presents the use of a high-resolution (CCD) spectrometer that covered a spectrum range of 200–800 nm with an optical resolution of 0.5 nm. The kidney stone were stimulated by a passively Q-Switched solid state (Nd: YAG) laser that operating with a pulse duration at 10 ns and a fundamental wavelength of 1,064 nm. All spectrum that emitted from the induced plasma was recorded by the spectrometer to analyze and completed the matching with atomic emissions databases, The electron temperature (T_e) and plasma density (ne) were investigated for all major elements in the sample, A statistical method was developed to determine the concentrations of each element (Na, Si, K, Fe, Mg, S and Ca) by summing the plasma density (n_e) of all similar major elements and then dividing by the total sum of all this elements in the sample spectrum, This study aims to develop a cutting-edge technology that utilizes plasma spectra generated through laser matter interaction to diagnose the components of a model. Kidney stones were used as a model to assess the effectiveness of this technology; this technique presented a straight forward and efficient approach for estimating the rate of concentration for each element.