Calculating plasma parameters for(ZnO)_1−x: (CdO)_x produced by Nd:YAG laser

In this paper, the spectrophotometric method of optical output was used to study the spectra of the plasma resulting from the bombardment of (ZnO:CdO) through Nd:YAG laser at a wavelength of (1064) nm, with various laser energies (800–1000) mJ. by using spectroscopy of laser-induced breakdown (LIBS). Using the Boltzmann diagram methodology, the temperature of an electron was calculated, and the Stark broadening method was used to measure electron densities (n_e). Additional plasma parameters were calculated, including Plasma frequency (fp), Debye number (N_D), and Debye length ( \(\lambda\) $\lambda$ _D). It is discovered that the temperatures of electrons varied from(0.483–0.510) eV, whereas the evaluation of electron density is accomplished through the utilization of Stark broadening analysis, accompanied by an electron density ranging between 2.72 × 10¹⁷ cm⁻³ and 3.62 × 10¹⁷ cm⁻³ for (ZnO)_1−x: (CdO)_x.