Numerical investigation and optimization of highly efficient and stable organic solar cells: OghmaNano (GPVDM) framework

The progression of organic solar cell (OSC) technology encounters obstacles primarily concerning stability and the use of transparent conductive oxide (TCO) as anodes. The study emphasizes the influence of aluminium-zinc-oxide (AZO) anodes in OSCs while maintaining conventional organic absorber layer (OAL) and carrier transport layers (CTLs) within the anticipated AZO/PEDOT: PSS/P₃HT: PC₆₁BM/ZnO/LiF/Al structure. While, TCO-anode-based OSCs garner attention for improved efficiency, ease of fabrication, and versatility. However, indium’s presence in indium-tin-oxide (ITO) raises apprehensions about fragility and film impairment, leading to future indium-free TCOs with insufficient power conversion efficiency (PCE) due to inherent losses. Moreover, the impact of TCOs on charge density (ρ) and charge extraction efficiency in OSC varies with factors like work function, surface morphology, and chemical interactions with organic layers. The investigations are subjected to device performance analysis through optimization of several features like the thickness of the active layer, operating temperature (T), trap density (N_t), illuminations of intense light intensity (P_in), charge density analysis, and generation-recombination (G_n–R_n) analysis to achieve an optimized PCE of 8.05%. The potential findings of this strategy may pave the system for the marketability of AZO anode OSC by achieving the necessary device stability and efficiency. Hence, observed results validate further optimization of P-type/intrinsic/N (PIN)-type structures for fabrication purposes, suggesting practical incorporation of P₃HT: PC₆₁BM blends for enhancement of PCE in OSCs.