Gold, MXene, and graphene nanofilm-based surface plasmon resonance sensor for malaria detection

Around 1 million people worldwide die from malaria each year, with 90% of these deaths occurring in African children. Malaria is a major cause of death in tropical and subtropical nations. So fast and efficient diagnosis methods for malaria management and control are critical. The proposed SPR structure is composed of Prism-Au₁-MXene-Au₂-Graphene-Analyte. The well-known transfer matrix method is used to calculate the transmission spectra. The suggested design achieves the sensitivity figure of 227.9 Degree/RIU (for a monolayer of MXene and dual graphene layers) and 258.28 Degree/RIU (for trophozoite stage of malaria), high quality-factor up to 31 RIU⁻¹ and 35.5 RIU⁻¹ for single MXene, dual graphene nanofilms, and trophozoite stage, respectively.