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<p>The Himalayan Monal (<i>Lophophorus impejanus</i>) is a flagship species of the north-western Himalaya and a crucial species for monitoring ecosystem health. The vocal behaviour of the species remains poorly understood, as no previous studies have been conducted. This current study provides a comprehensive analysis of the species’ vocalisations with an emphasis on context-specific behaviours. We obtained field recordings using a professional Zoom H6 recorder paired with a Sennheiser ME67 shotgun microphone, and supplemented by AudioMoth v1.2.0 automated recording devices for detailed acoustic monitoring. Spectrographic analyses were done using Raven Pro 1.6 software. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and K-means clustering identified eight distinct call types, and subsequent one-way ANOVA confirmed significant differences among these groups. The analysis identified the flight call as the most prevalent, followed by screaming, territorial, and advertisement calls, particularly during the breeding season. Remarkably, spectrographic data indicated a higher peak frequency in male calls (2470.43 ± 8.36&#xa0;Hz) compared to female calls (1928.34 ± 18.19&#xa0;Hz) during this period. Additionally, behavioural observations documented using Bushnell trail cameras, along with a Nikon P950 and P1000 Zoom camera positioned at various locations, provided correlational insights into the contexts of vocalisations. Given the increasing anthropogenic pressures on Himalayan ecosystems, this study underscores the urgent need for a detailed understanding of the Himalayan Monal vocal communication to inform conservation strategies. Our findings offer new insights into the species’ vocal behavior, addressing a critical gap in current knowledge and highlighting the necessity for ongoing research in this area.</p>

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Spectral Characteristics and Context-Specific Behaviour of Himalayan Monal (Lophophorus impejanus Latham 1790) Vocalizations

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月6日

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  • Rajeev Lochan,
  • Dinesh Kumar Sharma,
  • Anand Kumar

摘要

The Himalayan Monal (Lophophorus impejanus) is a flagship species of the north-western Himalaya and a crucial species for monitoring ecosystem health. The vocal behaviour of the species remains poorly understood, as no previous studies have been conducted. This current study provides a comprehensive analysis of the species’ vocalisations with an emphasis on context-specific behaviours. We obtained field recordings using a professional Zoom H6 recorder paired with a Sennheiser ME67 shotgun microphone, and supplemented by AudioMoth v1.2.0 automated recording devices for detailed acoustic monitoring. Spectrographic analyses were done using Raven Pro 1.6 software. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and K-means clustering identified eight distinct call types, and subsequent one-way ANOVA confirmed significant differences among these groups. The analysis identified the flight call as the most prevalent, followed by screaming, territorial, and advertisement calls, particularly during the breeding season. Remarkably, spectrographic data indicated a higher peak frequency in male calls (2470.43 ± 8.36 Hz) compared to female calls (1928.34 ± 18.19 Hz) during this period. Additionally, behavioural observations documented using Bushnell trail cameras, along with a Nikon P950 and P1000 Zoom camera positioned at various locations, provided correlational insights into the contexts of vocalisations. Given the increasing anthropogenic pressures on Himalayan ecosystems, this study underscores the urgent need for a detailed understanding of the Himalayan Monal vocal communication to inform conservation strategies. Our findings offer new insights into the species’ vocal behavior, addressing a critical gap in current knowledge and highlighting the necessity for ongoing research in this area.