<p>Despite extensive studies on Nb deposits associated with alkaline rocks, the key factors controlling Nb enrichment remain uncertain, with conditions varying across distinct alkaline intrusions. To better understand Nb mineralization in alkaline rocks, we conducted an integrated investigation of samples from an Nb-bearing peralkaline-alkaline intrusion in the Yilan-like region of the northern Tarim Basin. The Yilan-like intrusion is predominatly composed of granitic pegmatite, alkali pegmatite, syenite, and sodalite syenite. Zircon dating results reveal that this intrusion was emplaced at about 276 Ma. The Yilan-like intrusion is characterized by high SiO₂ and total alkali contents and prominent enrichment of HFSE and LREE, with obvious depletions of Ba, K, P, and Ti. The peralkaline-alkaline rocks have high initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios (0.715 8 to 0.853 3) and negative <i>ε</i>_Nd(<i>t</i>) values (−7.8 to −8.5). We propose that the Yilan-like peralkaline-alkaline intrusion was generated via remelting of deep crustal materials enriched in alkali, F, and HFSE. With Nb concentrations reaching up to 252 ppm and Nb primarily hosted in titanite, ilmenite, rutile, pyrochlore, and columbite, the intrusion shows significant potential for Nb mineralization. Based on the chemical compositions of Nb minerals, we suggest that both magmatic and hydrothermal processes played key roles in Nb enrichment.</p>