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<p>The performance of a geolocation system consisting of three collectors: one in a high-eccentricity Molniya orbit (MEO) and two in low-inclination geosynchronous orbits (IGEO) is evaluated. Bias error sources for the collectors are quantified: orbit determination accuracy; tropospheric path delays; ionospheric delays and frequency shifts; relativistic Doppler shift; light-transit-time (LTT) delays in the signal reaching the collector; and the integration time used to process the communications signal and obtain time- and frequency-difference-of-arrival measurements. An analytical approach to mitigating the impact of these biases on geolocation data is presented. Monte Carlo (MC) and covariance analyses are used to validate the models and assess the performance of the conceptual geolocation system, using the mean geolocation position and containment as metrics. Within ± 2&#xa0;h of the Molniya apogee, a Molniya plus 2 IGEO (M2G) constellation can provide a performance advantage over a 3-IGEO (3G) constellation twice daily. However, this advantage is highly sensitive to Molniya orbit determination errors.</p>

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Impact of orbit determination accuracy and system biases on geolocation system performance with a Molniya orbit collector

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月24日

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  • Gerald M. Lerner

摘要

The performance of a geolocation system consisting of three collectors: one in a high-eccentricity Molniya orbit (MEO) and two in low-inclination geosynchronous orbits (IGEO) is evaluated. Bias error sources for the collectors are quantified: orbit determination accuracy; tropospheric path delays; ionospheric delays and frequency shifts; relativistic Doppler shift; light-transit-time (LTT) delays in the signal reaching the collector; and the integration time used to process the communications signal and obtain time- and frequency-difference-of-arrival measurements. An analytical approach to mitigating the impact of these biases on geolocation data is presented. Monte Carlo (MC) and covariance analyses are used to validate the models and assess the performance of the conceptual geolocation system, using the mean geolocation position and containment as metrics. Within ± 2 h of the Molniya apogee, a Molniya plus 2 IGEO (M2G) constellation can provide a performance advantage over a 3-IGEO (3G) constellation twice daily. However, this advantage is highly sensitive to Molniya orbit determination errors.