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<p>Facial soft tissue thickness (FSTT) includes the layers from the bone to the skin surface and is influenced by various factors. Ultrasound (US) serves as one modality for FSTT measurement. This study aimed to explore fundamental data regarding FSTT and examined the association of FSTT and sex, age, body mass index (BMI), and facial side. B-mode US was used to measure FSTT at 11 midline and 32 bilateral landmarks in 100 unembalmed cadavers within 120&#xa0;h postmortem. The association of FSTT with sex, age, BMI, and facial side, were analyzed by descriptive and analytical statistics, with statistical significance set at a p-value of less than 0.05. The parotid-masseteric region was the thickest with the most variation, while the nose was the thinnest. BMI played a significant role, with significant differences in FSTT across all landmarks between underweight and normal BMI groups. Females generally exhibited thicker FSTT, particularly significant difference in the mid-infraorbital, endocanthion, gonion, and mid-mandibular border areas. However, males had greater thickness in nasal and perioral regions, especially significant at the prosthion and supracanine landmarks. Aging had a minimal impact on FSTT in individuals over 50, with only the mid-philtrum and labrale inferius showing age-related significant differences. Facial asymmetry was observed, with significant variations in the lateral perioral and buccal regions between the left and right sides. Sex, age, BMI, and facial side each influence FSTT, though their effects vary in magnitude across different facial regions. This data enhances foundational facial anatomy, guides aesthetic procedures in underweight and normal-weight individuals, and supports forensic facial reconstruction.</p>

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Sex, age, and body mass index influence on facial soft tissue thickness in a Thai population above middle age by ultrasonographic imaging

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月17日

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  • Thawanthorn Chaimongkhol,
  • Pagorn Navic,
  • Apichat Sinthubua,
  • Nuttaya Pattamapaspong,
  • Sukon Prasitwattanaseree,
  • Patison Palee,
  • Arnon Charuakkra,
  • Pasuk Mahakkanukrauh

摘要

Facial soft tissue thickness (FSTT) includes the layers from the bone to the skin surface and is influenced by various factors. Ultrasound (US) serves as one modality for FSTT measurement. This study aimed to explore fundamental data regarding FSTT and examined the association of FSTT and sex, age, body mass index (BMI), and facial side. B-mode US was used to measure FSTT at 11 midline and 32 bilateral landmarks in 100 unembalmed cadavers within 120 h postmortem. The association of FSTT with sex, age, BMI, and facial side, were analyzed by descriptive and analytical statistics, with statistical significance set at a p-value of less than 0.05. The parotid-masseteric region was the thickest with the most variation, while the nose was the thinnest. BMI played a significant role, with significant differences in FSTT across all landmarks between underweight and normal BMI groups. Females generally exhibited thicker FSTT, particularly significant difference in the mid-infraorbital, endocanthion, gonion, and mid-mandibular border areas. However, males had greater thickness in nasal and perioral regions, especially significant at the prosthion and supracanine landmarks. Aging had a minimal impact on FSTT in individuals over 50, with only the mid-philtrum and labrale inferius showing age-related significant differences. Facial asymmetry was observed, with significant variations in the lateral perioral and buccal regions between the left and right sides. Sex, age, BMI, and facial side each influence FSTT, though their effects vary in magnitude across different facial regions. This data enhances foundational facial anatomy, guides aesthetic procedures in underweight and normal-weight individuals, and supports forensic facial reconstruction.