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<p>In this study, we aimed to characterize the gonads of the Japanese ornamental carp (<i>Cyprinus carpio</i>) using ultrasound imaging. The study involved ultrasound examinations, necropsy, and histological analysis of 58 carp that were 11&#xa0;months old. On the basis of the histological findings, the testes was classified into immature (T1) and mature (T2) stages, and the ovaries were divided into perinucleolar (O1), yolk vesicle (O2), and yolk globule (O3) stages. Ultrasound imaging revealed that as the testes matured, their echogenicity (brightness) increased, and they exhibited a relatively homogeneous, sand-like texture. Oocytes were detected as granular structures with highly echogenic outlines and non-echogenic particles, which became more distinct in later stages (O2 and O3). Furthermore, grayscale analysis of the ultrasound images suggests that the testes generally produce brighter echo images than the ovaries. Significant differences between the sexes were found in the minimum and mean grayscale brightness values but not in the maximum values. Our findings confirmed the relationships between the histological maturation stages of carp gonads and their corresponding ultrasound imaging characteristics. Ultrasound imaging, when combined with grayscale analysis, offers a practical and noninvasive method for assessing sex and gonadal development in carp.</p>

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Analysis of ultrasound images of gonads for sex determination in Japanese ornamental carp Cyprinus carpio

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月17日

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  • Natsumi Endo,
  • Koichi Tateishi,
  • Miki Saito,
  • Reiko Nakao,
  • Hideyuki Karakisawa,
  • Tetsuhito Kigata,
  • Shoh Sato

摘要

In this study, we aimed to characterize the gonads of the Japanese ornamental carp (Cyprinus carpio) using ultrasound imaging. The study involved ultrasound examinations, necropsy, and histological analysis of 58 carp that were 11 months old. On the basis of the histological findings, the testes was classified into immature (T1) and mature (T2) stages, and the ovaries were divided into perinucleolar (O1), yolk vesicle (O2), and yolk globule (O3) stages. Ultrasound imaging revealed that as the testes matured, their echogenicity (brightness) increased, and they exhibited a relatively homogeneous, sand-like texture. Oocytes were detected as granular structures with highly echogenic outlines and non-echogenic particles, which became more distinct in later stages (O2 and O3). Furthermore, grayscale analysis of the ultrasound images suggests that the testes generally produce brighter echo images than the ovaries. Significant differences between the sexes were found in the minimum and mean grayscale brightness values but not in the maximum values. Our findings confirmed the relationships between the histological maturation stages of carp gonads and their corresponding ultrasound imaging characteristics. Ultrasound imaging, when combined with grayscale analysis, offers a practical and noninvasive method for assessing sex and gonadal development in carp.