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<p>Toxification with tetrodotoxin (TTX) has been observed in marine organisms that were not previously believed to contain TTX; in particular, the akazara scallop <i>Chlamys farreri akazara</i> has been reported to accumulate TTX after ingesting larvae of the TTX-bearing flatworm <i>Planocera multitentaculata</i>. Here, we analyzed seven bivalve species/subspecies collected along the Japan coastline for TTX and its analogs, confirming that TTX was mainly detected in pectinid bivalve species/subspecies. Qualitative analysis using liquid chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry did not detect TTX analogs from any bivalve tested, except for one individual of <i>C. farreri akazara</i>, which had extremely high TTX levels (13&#xa0;μg/g midgut gland). To identify factors involved in elevating TTX concentration in <i>C. farreri akazara</i>, we monitored <i>P. multitentaculata</i> in Sanriku (Pacific coast of northern Japan) between October and December. Sexually mature <i>P. multitentaculata</i> adults and egg plates were collected in August 2023, and the flatworms continued to spawn until the end of December 2023 under laboratory rearing. Next-generation sequencing analysis demonstrated that <i>P. multitentaculata</i> was present in the digestive tract contents from <i>C. farreri akazara</i> individuals collected in November 2022. These results suggest that <i>P. multitentaculata</i> along the Sanriku coast is able to continue supplying TTX to bivalves even in December.</p>

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Compositions of tetrodotoxins in seven Japanese bivalve species/subspecies

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年3月6日

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  • Kyoko Shirai,
  • Kotone Nagahama,
  • Anzu Hayashi,
  • Shino Yasukawa,
  • Kaho Namigata,
  • Rei Suo,
  • Shiro Itoi

摘要

Toxification with tetrodotoxin (TTX) has been observed in marine organisms that were not previously believed to contain TTX; in particular, the akazara scallop Chlamys farreri akazara has been reported to accumulate TTX after ingesting larvae of the TTX-bearing flatworm Planocera multitentaculata. Here, we analyzed seven bivalve species/subspecies collected along the Japan coastline for TTX and its analogs, confirming that TTX was mainly detected in pectinid bivalve species/subspecies. Qualitative analysis using liquid chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry did not detect TTX analogs from any bivalve tested, except for one individual of C. farreri akazara, which had extremely high TTX levels (13 μg/g midgut gland). To identify factors involved in elevating TTX concentration in C. farreri akazara, we monitored P. multitentaculata in Sanriku (Pacific coast of northern Japan) between October and December. Sexually mature P. multitentaculata adults and egg plates were collected in August 2023, and the flatworms continued to spawn until the end of December 2023 under laboratory rearing. Next-generation sequencing analysis demonstrated that P. multitentaculata was present in the digestive tract contents from C. farreri akazara individuals collected in November 2022. These results suggest that P. multitentaculata along the Sanriku coast is able to continue supplying TTX to bivalves even in December.