<p>Defect inspection of high-speed railway wheels is essential and important for the safety of high-speed railways. Various defects can occur in the wheel rim and web due to wheel–rail interaction. In this study, a non-destructive inspection system based on ultrasonic testing was developed and tested to detect defects in both the rim and web areas of high-speed railway wheels simultaneously. This system was designed to apply pulse-echo and pitch-catch techniques either simultaneously or independently during the inspection of the web area. For the design of the proposed system, the optimal sensor placement for Web area inspection was identified using simulation and acoustic simulations were utilized to design the ultrasonic inspection module set. In addition, to enable full inspection of the wheel, a stationary assembly capable of supporting and rotating the wheel was designed. The performance of the system composed of the inspection module set and the assembly was validated through experiments. Inspection results of pulse-echo and pitch-catch techniques for the web area were then compared.</p>