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<p>In this study, the changes in the microstructure and mechanical properties associated with the annealing heat treatment (AHT) of Fe–13Mn–5Cr–1Ni–0.4C steel deposited by laser-directed energy deposition (LDED) were investigated. High-manganese steel (HMnS) deposited by LDED exhibited an almost completely dense microstructure, except for a few small pores between the beads, and fully austenitic microstructure. However, the annealing heat treatment (AHT) caused considerable phase transformation from austenite to ε-martensite, leading significant decrease in tensile strength and elongation to under half of as-built state. Scheil solidification simulation method and energy dispersive spectroscopy revealed elemental segregation on cell boundaries, thereby local variation of stacking fault energy (SFE) was caused. Relatively low SFE in the cell interior can cause martensitic transformation during AHT process and it gives rise the premature failure of annealed specimen during uniaxial tensile testing. The results in this study can give new aspect of failure mechanism of additively manufactured metal alloys, especially steels which is likely to be transformed to martensite such as high manganese steel.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Investigation into Premature Failure of Fe–13Mn–5Cr–1Ni–0.4C Steel Produced Using Laser–Direct Energy Deposition

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月28日

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  • Young Keun Park,
  • Kwang Yong Shin,
  • Ki Yong Lee,
  • Changwook Ji,
  • Wookjin Lee,
  • Dohyung Kim

摘要

In this study, the changes in the microstructure and mechanical properties associated with the annealing heat treatment (AHT) of Fe–13Mn–5Cr–1Ni–0.4C steel deposited by laser-directed energy deposition (LDED) were investigated. High-manganese steel (HMnS) deposited by LDED exhibited an almost completely dense microstructure, except for a few small pores between the beads, and fully austenitic microstructure. However, the annealing heat treatment (AHT) caused considerable phase transformation from austenite to ε-martensite, leading significant decrease in tensile strength and elongation to under half of as-built state. Scheil solidification simulation method and energy dispersive spectroscopy revealed elemental segregation on cell boundaries, thereby local variation of stacking fault energy (SFE) was caused. Relatively low SFE in the cell interior can cause martensitic transformation during AHT process and it gives rise the premature failure of annealed specimen during uniaxial tensile testing. The results in this study can give new aspect of failure mechanism of additively manufactured metal alloys, especially steels which is likely to be transformed to martensite such as high manganese steel.

Graphical Abstract