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<p>Delta ferrite adversely affects the mechanical properties of SS410, reducing component performance and reliability. This study presents a pioneering investigation into the effect of cyclic heat treatment (CHT) on delta ferrite dissolution and its subsequent impact on the mechanical properties of SS410 hollow tubes fabricated via the wire arc-directed energy deposition (DED) process. In this work, CHT was conducted at 1050&#xa0;°C with a 5-min soaking time, applied for one, three, and five cycles. The results were compared to the as-built (AB) specimen to assess the effects of CHT. After three CHT cycles, delta ferrite was reduced by 68%, improving mechanical properties by 14.2% via grain boundary migration phenomena. Ultimate tensile strength (UTS) increased by 6% after one cycle and by 16.3% after five cycles. CHT also transformed the pronounced texture of AB samples into random grain orientation, reducing high-angle grain boundaries (HAGBs) by up to 16, 3.7 and 6.4% in 1, 3, and 5C, respectively, highlighting the role of thermal cycling in optimizing microstructure. Besides, this study provides new insights into the dissolution mechanism at 1050&#xa0;°C that drives the transformation of HAGBs into low angle grain boundaries (LAGBs) at the grain boundaries. Further, CHT promotes delta ferrite dissolution, increasing residual strain and dislocation density in martensitic regions, as evidenced by elevated kernel average misorientation (KAM) values. In conclusion, the successful implementation of CHT for three cycles effectively reduced delta ferrite in wire arc-DED fabricated SS410 hollow tubes, improving their mechanical properties.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Processing-Structure–Property Relationships in Wire Arc-Directed Energy Deposition Fabricated 410 Stainless Steel: Mechanistic Insights into Delta Ferrite Reduction Through Cyclic Heat Treatment

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月5日

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  • Amritbir Singh,
  • Himanshu Kumar,
  • Raman Bedi,
  • Satya Gowtam Dommeti,
  • S. Shiva

摘要

Delta ferrite adversely affects the mechanical properties of SS410, reducing component performance and reliability. This study presents a pioneering investigation into the effect of cyclic heat treatment (CHT) on delta ferrite dissolution and its subsequent impact on the mechanical properties of SS410 hollow tubes fabricated via the wire arc-directed energy deposition (DED) process. In this work, CHT was conducted at 1050 °C with a 5-min soaking time, applied for one, three, and five cycles. The results were compared to the as-built (AB) specimen to assess the effects of CHT. After three CHT cycles, delta ferrite was reduced by 68%, improving mechanical properties by 14.2% via grain boundary migration phenomena. Ultimate tensile strength (UTS) increased by 6% after one cycle and by 16.3% after five cycles. CHT also transformed the pronounced texture of AB samples into random grain orientation, reducing high-angle grain boundaries (HAGBs) by up to 16, 3.7 and 6.4% in 1, 3, and 5C, respectively, highlighting the role of thermal cycling in optimizing microstructure. Besides, this study provides new insights into the dissolution mechanism at 1050 °C that drives the transformation of HAGBs into low angle grain boundaries (LAGBs) at the grain boundaries. Further, CHT promotes delta ferrite dissolution, increasing residual strain and dislocation density in martensitic regions, as evidenced by elevated kernel average misorientation (KAM) values. In conclusion, the successful implementation of CHT for three cycles effectively reduced delta ferrite in wire arc-DED fabricated SS410 hollow tubes, improving their mechanical properties.

Graphical Abstract