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<p>The Hayli Gubbi volcano in Ethiopia erupted for the first time on November 23, 2025, in nearly 12,000 years. MODIS captured the rapid northeastward drift of the ash and gas cloud across the Red Sea. TROPOMI SO₂ and Aerosol Index (AI) observations revealed the subsequent northeastward transport of the plume across the Arabian Sea and into India under the influence of a strong subtropical jet stream (30–70&#xa0;m s⁻¹). Extremely high SO₂ (~ 0.095&#xa0;mol m⁻²) and AI (~ 5.6) values were observed over the northern Arabian Sea on November 24. TROPOMI observations indicated that the highest SO₂ concentrations occurred at altitudes of 13–14&#xa0;km. IASI observations further supported these findings, with highest SO₂ loading at ~ 14–15&#xa0;km over the Arabian Sea and the Indian region, despite lower column amounts than TROPOMI. The results demonstrate that high-altitude volcanic plumes can be transported thousands of kilometers with minimal dilution, significantly influencing atmospheric composition far from the source. This study highlights the value of synergistic satellite observations for characterizing volcanic plume dynamics and assessing their regional impacts.</p>

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Long Range Transport of the Hayli Gubbi Volcanic Plume Over the Indian Subcontinent

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月30日

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  • Shuchita Srivastava,
  • C. Aparna,
  • Yogesh Kant,
  • Debashis Mitra,
  • R. P. Singh

摘要

The Hayli Gubbi volcano in Ethiopia erupted for the first time on November 23, 2025, in nearly 12,000 years. MODIS captured the rapid northeastward drift of the ash and gas cloud across the Red Sea. TROPOMI SO₂ and Aerosol Index (AI) observations revealed the subsequent northeastward transport of the plume across the Arabian Sea and into India under the influence of a strong subtropical jet stream (30–70 m s⁻¹). Extremely high SO₂ (~ 0.095 mol m⁻²) and AI (~ 5.6) values were observed over the northern Arabian Sea on November 24. TROPOMI observations indicated that the highest SO₂ concentrations occurred at altitudes of 13–14 km. IASI observations further supported these findings, with highest SO₂ loading at ~ 14–15 km over the Arabian Sea and the Indian region, despite lower column amounts than TROPOMI. The results demonstrate that high-altitude volcanic plumes can be transported thousands of kilometers with minimal dilution, significantly influencing atmospheric composition far from the source. This study highlights the value of synergistic satellite observations for characterizing volcanic plume dynamics and assessing their regional impacts.