Computation of Ecosystem Service Values with Spatio-Temporal Variations in LULC for Tier-1 Cities in India
摘要
Urban expansion across India’s Tier-1 cities has altered land systems and reduced the capacity of ecosystems to supply essential services. This study examines land use and land cover (LULC) changes in seven Tier-1 cities from 1995 to 2022 and evaluates the associated variations in the Ecosystem Service Value (ESV) of 17 services. The analysis shows a marked increase in built-up area and a decline in cropland and vegetation across most cities. These shifts resulted in substantial losses in provisioning and habitat-related services. City-wise net ESV losses ranged from 2.60 to 59.61 M$ over the study period, with the highest reductions occurring where cropland and vegetation were most extensively converted to built-up land. Recreational services showed a marginal increase. The Ecological Contribution Ratio (ECR) further confirms that transitions from cropland to built-up land were the dominant contributors to ESV decline. The findings highlight the need to incorporate ecosystem valuation into urban planning to minimize ecological losses during future development.