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<p>Urbanization significantly alters land use and land cover (LULC), thereby influencing land surface temperature (LST) and intensifying thermal stress across urban and peri-urban environments. This study investigates the spatial and temporal variation in LST in Bhopal, India a tier-2 city with a composite climate,during the pre-monsoon summer months of 2000 and 2020. Using satellite remote sensing, we assessed changes in LULC and quantified associated thermal responses using the Urban Thermal Field Variance Index (UTFVI), Surface Heat Island (SHI) intensity, and spectral indices such as the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Moisture Index (NDMI), and Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI). The results reveal that the surrounding urban areas (SUA), including open forests and rural agricultural land, experienced up to 3&#xa0;°C higher average LST than the city core. A strong inverse correlation was observed between NDMI and LST (–0.723 in 2000; –0.684 in 2020), and a moderate negative correlation was noted between NDVI and LST (–0.296 in 2000; –0.345 in 2020), indicating greater moisture and vegetation retention in urban zones. UTFVI mapping identified severe ecological stress in SUA (UTFVI &gt; 0.002), while Bhopal’s urban core retained “excellent” ecological quality due to integrated green and blue infrastructure. The study’s novelty lies in documenting that surrounding urban areas (SUA) have higher surface temperature than the Urban core area in a composite climate Indian city, revealing that urban centers may be cooler than their peripheries under certain land use configurations. These findings underscore the need for integrated land planning beyond the urban core to mitigate rising heat stress in rapidly expanding cities across the Global South.</p>

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Assessing Peak Summer Surface Heat and Urban Thermal Variability using UTFVI and Surface Heat Intensity: A Case Study of Bhopal City

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月27日

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  • Rakesh Mistry,
  • Surabhi Mehrotra

摘要

Urbanization significantly alters land use and land cover (LULC), thereby influencing land surface temperature (LST) and intensifying thermal stress across urban and peri-urban environments. This study investigates the spatial and temporal variation in LST in Bhopal, India a tier-2 city with a composite climate,during the pre-monsoon summer months of 2000 and 2020. Using satellite remote sensing, we assessed changes in LULC and quantified associated thermal responses using the Urban Thermal Field Variance Index (UTFVI), Surface Heat Island (SHI) intensity, and spectral indices such as the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Moisture Index (NDMI), and Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI). The results reveal that the surrounding urban areas (SUA), including open forests and rural agricultural land, experienced up to 3 °C higher average LST than the city core. A strong inverse correlation was observed between NDMI and LST (–0.723 in 2000; –0.684 in 2020), and a moderate negative correlation was noted between NDVI and LST (–0.296 in 2000; –0.345 in 2020), indicating greater moisture and vegetation retention in urban zones. UTFVI mapping identified severe ecological stress in SUA (UTFVI > 0.002), while Bhopal’s urban core retained “excellent” ecological quality due to integrated green and blue infrastructure. The study’s novelty lies in documenting that surrounding urban areas (SUA) have higher surface temperature than the Urban core area in a composite climate Indian city, revealing that urban centers may be cooler than their peripheries under certain land use configurations. These findings underscore the need for integrated land planning beyond the urban core to mitigate rising heat stress in rapidly expanding cities across the Global South.