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<p>On 03 October 2023, an outburst of the South Lhonak Lake in the Teesta River Basin in the Sikkim Himalaya of India claimed numerous lives, causing significant damage to infrastructures several kilometers downstream. We have analyzed the sequence of events leading to this disaster and its impact using visual change detection of optical imagery from Khalifasat, Cartosat-2S, Resourcesat-2 (RS-2A) and Sentinel-2B. Further, imagery from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) of Earth Observation Satellite-4 (EOS-4, C band) datasets and ground displacement estimates from Multi-Temporal Interferometric (MTInSAR) Small BAseline Subset (SBAS) technique from Sentinel-1A descending node data, were also analyzed. The analysis shows a massive slope failure zone on the left lateral moraine (width ~885&#xa0;m) on the lake’s northern bank, attached to a tributary glacier. The SBAS estimation indicate creeping of this loose bank material and the associated terminal moraine of the tributary glacier, with velocities reaching up to 5&#xa0;cm/y prior to failure. The collapse of this material onto the lake water coupled with glacial calving reduced the visible water extent of the lake from 2.8&#xa0;km to 1.5&#xa0;km with broken blocks of floating ice having a cumulative extent of ~ 1.3&#xa0;km. The cumulative effect of the landslide debris collapse onto the lake and glacier calving triggered a series of impulse waves, which is observed in our numerical simulations using the R.avaflow code. This caused a large amount of water to be displaced, which upwelled and flowed down the terminal channel along the course of the Lachen River, triggering at least 110 landslides due to toe-cutting and ultimately leading to widespread devastation downstream.</p>

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South Lhonak Lake Disaster in Sikkim, India: Impact Analysis Using Optical Imagery, SBAS-InSAR and Numerical Simulation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年4月18日

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  • Priyom Roy,
  • Tapas Ranjan Martha,
  • Binayak Mishra,
  • Ritwik Majumdar,
  • Rajarshi Saha,
  • Iswar Chandra Das,
  • Shashivardhan Reddy,
  • Sreenivas Kandrika,
  • Prakash Chauhan

摘要

On 03 October 2023, an outburst of the South Lhonak Lake in the Teesta River Basin in the Sikkim Himalaya of India claimed numerous lives, causing significant damage to infrastructures several kilometers downstream. We have analyzed the sequence of events leading to this disaster and its impact using visual change detection of optical imagery from Khalifasat, Cartosat-2S, Resourcesat-2 (RS-2A) and Sentinel-2B. Further, imagery from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) of Earth Observation Satellite-4 (EOS-4, C band) datasets and ground displacement estimates from Multi-Temporal Interferometric (MTInSAR) Small BAseline Subset (SBAS) technique from Sentinel-1A descending node data, were also analyzed. The analysis shows a massive slope failure zone on the left lateral moraine (width ~885 m) on the lake’s northern bank, attached to a tributary glacier. The SBAS estimation indicate creeping of this loose bank material and the associated terminal moraine of the tributary glacier, with velocities reaching up to 5 cm/y prior to failure. The collapse of this material onto the lake water coupled with glacial calving reduced the visible water extent of the lake from 2.8 km to 1.5 km with broken blocks of floating ice having a cumulative extent of ~ 1.3 km. The cumulative effect of the landslide debris collapse onto the lake and glacier calving triggered a series of impulse waves, which is observed in our numerical simulations using the R.avaflow code. This caused a large amount of water to be displaced, which upwelled and flowed down the terminal channel along the course of the Lachen River, triggering at least 110 landslides due to toe-cutting and ultimately leading to widespread devastation downstream.