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<p>The emergence of low-fired glazed pottery in China dates to the early Warring States period (453–370 BC); however, its technical origins and regional evolution remain poorly understood owing to lack of systematic scientific analyses of well-provenanced specimens. Here we present non-destructive/minimally invasive characterization of a glazed pottery dog from the capital of the Zhu State in Shandong, to clarify its manufacturing technology, glaze and colorant compositions, and raw material provenance. Combined with stratigraphic context and associated artifacts, radiocarbon dating places the artifact at 485–401 BC (late Spring and Autumn to early Warring States period), making it one of the earliest known examples of such glazed pottery. Our analyses confirmed the adoption of the lead–barium glaze system, with Chinese Blue (BaCuSi₄O₁₀) imparting the blue coloration, marking an important technological innovation as one of the earliest scientifically confirmed applications of this synthetic pigment in lead–barium glazed pottery, and hematite imparting the reddish-brown hue; the opaque white glaze may be attributed to barium-bearing microcrystals and abundant micro-pores within the glaze. Lead isotope analysis revealed that the glaze lead originated from the Yinshan mine in the Yue State (Shangyu, Zhejiang), whereas the pottery body was made from local Zhu clays. These findings provide novel empirical evidence for technological innovation and interregional resource circulation between the Zhu and Yue States during the late Spring and Autumn to early Warring States period, providing a targeted case study for understanding the regional adaptation of early low-fired glazed pottery technology in Eastern China.</p>

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Archaeometric study of a single lead–barium glazed pottery dog (485 − 401 BC) from the Zhu State: Technological innovation and interregional resource circulation in Eastern China

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月1日

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  • Puwen Song,
  • Song Jiang,
  • Weixin Wang,
  • Jingyi Shen,
  • Qingyu Lu,
  • Guoquan Lu

摘要

The emergence of low-fired glazed pottery in China dates to the early Warring States period (453–370 BC); however, its technical origins and regional evolution remain poorly understood owing to lack of systematic scientific analyses of well-provenanced specimens. Here we present non-destructive/minimally invasive characterization of a glazed pottery dog from the capital of the Zhu State in Shandong, to clarify its manufacturing technology, glaze and colorant compositions, and raw material provenance. Combined with stratigraphic context and associated artifacts, radiocarbon dating places the artifact at 485–401 BC (late Spring and Autumn to early Warring States period), making it one of the earliest known examples of such glazed pottery. Our analyses confirmed the adoption of the lead–barium glaze system, with Chinese Blue (BaCuSi₄O₁₀) imparting the blue coloration, marking an important technological innovation as one of the earliest scientifically confirmed applications of this synthetic pigment in lead–barium glazed pottery, and hematite imparting the reddish-brown hue; the opaque white glaze may be attributed to barium-bearing microcrystals and abundant micro-pores within the glaze. Lead isotope analysis revealed that the glaze lead originated from the Yinshan mine in the Yue State (Shangyu, Zhejiang), whereas the pottery body was made from local Zhu clays. These findings provide novel empirical evidence for technological innovation and interregional resource circulation between the Zhu and Yue States during the late Spring and Autumn to early Warring States period, providing a targeted case study for understanding the regional adaptation of early low-fired glazed pottery technology in Eastern China.