<p>In this paper, we review the palaeoparasitological literature concerning the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic and Canary archipelagos. This article forms part of the special issue of <i>AAS</i>, “Microarchaeology: Making Visible the (In)visible Archaeological Record through High-Resolution Integrated Approaches,” which places particular emphasis on the current state of microarchaeological approaches in the Iberian Peninsula. The objective is therefore to document the contribution of palaeoparasitology to the microarchaeology of this region, with a specific focus on microscopic approaches. The bibliographic survey of the published research allows us to highlight its origins and recent growth in this region, as well as its structuring and development around the discipline of biological anthropology. To this published corpus, new data were added, generated by our research group, with the aim of critically outlining the major trends in the results obtained in this region. Analysis shows that the paleoparasitological corpus in the region is largely dominated by archaeofunerary contexts, most likely linked to the historical structuring of the discipline. This enables to compare the detection frequency of soil-transmitted helminths (STH) among historical populations of the Iberian Peninsula over time, as well as with other ancient European populations studied elsewhere. It demonstrates the continuity and persistence of STHs within Iberian populations from prehistoric times to the twentieth century. It shows that the diversity and frequency of observed STHs are consistent with the currently known ecology and physiology of these parasitic infections, but that the frequency variations observed among ancient populations of the Iberian Peninsula are similar to those found in other previously studied European populations. The comparison of populations from different cultural backgrounds and regions demonstrates that the observed variations appear to be better explained -at present- by taphonomic factors than by cultural factors, and that such inferences should be avoided unless supported by sufficient data to demonstrate genuine differences in the first place. Finally, this review shows that the observed diversity of parasitic remains is likely to be context-dependent, and that those recovered from funerary contexts allow for genuine palaeoepidemiological inferences, unimpeded by post-depositional contamination.</p>