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<p>Ancient paper artifacts in China are exceedingly rich, encompassing a variety of ancient papers from different historical periods, including the Han Dynasty (202 BC-220 AD) to the Qing Dynasty (1644–1911 AD). The Dove Cave site, located approximately 200&#xa0;km north of Beijing in Longhua (隆化) county, has unearthed paper fragments dating to the late Yuan Dynasty (Yuan Dynasty, 1271–1368 AD; the latest date of the site’s documents is 1362 AD). This was the first systematic archaeological excavation of ancient papers in areas surrounding the metropolis of Beijing, providing valuable samples for understanding papermaking and paper usage in the late fourteenth century in northern China. With aims to decode its manufacturing crafts, this study was carried out via SEM‒EDS, FTIR, and Py-GC/MS to investigate the utilization of papermaking fibers and the composition of sizing reagents. The results revealed that the paper fragments utilized paper mulberry and hemp fibers and were treated with egg white as sizing glue, a first discovery and report of such sizing agent in ancient Chinese handmade paper treatment. As a result, through the micro-damage analysis for the conservation and research of paper artifacts, a deeper understanding of the raw materials and manufacturing processes of ancient paper was obtained, which provides additional insights for substantiating the development of ancient papermaking.</p>

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Paper production and usage in the late fourteenth century in northern China: insight from paper fragments unearthed at the Dove Cave site

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月4日

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  • Ruoxi Guang,
  • Xiaoqiang Wang,
  • Mengfan Ge,
  • Xiuming Lv,
  • Yimin Yang,
  • Mingwu Zhang,
  • Bin Han

摘要

Ancient paper artifacts in China are exceedingly rich, encompassing a variety of ancient papers from different historical periods, including the Han Dynasty (202 BC-220 AD) to the Qing Dynasty (1644–1911 AD). The Dove Cave site, located approximately 200 km north of Beijing in Longhua (隆化) county, has unearthed paper fragments dating to the late Yuan Dynasty (Yuan Dynasty, 1271–1368 AD; the latest date of the site’s documents is 1362 AD). This was the first systematic archaeological excavation of ancient papers in areas surrounding the metropolis of Beijing, providing valuable samples for understanding papermaking and paper usage in the late fourteenth century in northern China. With aims to decode its manufacturing crafts, this study was carried out via SEM‒EDS, FTIR, and Py-GC/MS to investigate the utilization of papermaking fibers and the composition of sizing reagents. The results revealed that the paper fragments utilized paper mulberry and hemp fibers and were treated with egg white as sizing glue, a first discovery and report of such sizing agent in ancient Chinese handmade paper treatment. As a result, through the micro-damage analysis for the conservation and research of paper artifacts, a deeper understanding of the raw materials and manufacturing processes of ancient paper was obtained, which provides additional insights for substantiating the development of ancient papermaking.