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<p>Bintan Island is an island in Indonesia with high potential for mangrove ecosystems. However, the surrounding environment has disturbed the mangrove’s condition in the location. This study aims to analyse the extent and density of mangrove vegetation in the coastal waters of Bintan Island based on satellite image data. The data used for this study were Satellite Pour l’Observation de la Terre (SPOT)-4 and SPOT-7 images acquired in 2012 and 2019, respectively, and field measurement data. The image classification to separate mangrove objects used the maximum likelihood method, while the calculation of mangrove density used the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), the Green Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (GNDVI), and the Optimized Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (OSAVI) methods. We also used the linear regression method to determine the relationship between the vegetation index and mangrove density. The results showed that there was a decrease in mangrove distribution area by 70 hectares (ha), where the mangrove forests have been converted mostly into buildings and settlements. NDVI is the most effective vegetation index for mapping the mangrove density in the study area. The calculation results of mangrove density using NDVI showed that there was a decrease in very dense and dense classes of 86.65&#xa0;ha and 32.59&#xa0;ha, respectively. The accuracy assessment obtained an overall accuracy of 84.6% and a kappa value of 85.7%. Overall, SPOT-based mapping revealed a 70-ha loss and declining high-density stands, while the NDVI best tracked field density, enabling practical monitoring to support targeted conservation in the coastal waters of Bintan.</p>

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Satellite-based modeling of mangrove forest degradation in the coastal waters of Bintan Island, Indonesia

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月22日

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  • Money Carattri Kusuma Werdani,
  • Anang Dwi Purwanto,
  • Mariska Astrid Kusumaningtyas,
  • Aprizon Putra,
  • Emma Rahmawati

摘要

Bintan Island is an island in Indonesia with high potential for mangrove ecosystems. However, the surrounding environment has disturbed the mangrove’s condition in the location. This study aims to analyse the extent and density of mangrove vegetation in the coastal waters of Bintan Island based on satellite image data. The data used for this study were Satellite Pour l’Observation de la Terre (SPOT)-4 and SPOT-7 images acquired in 2012 and 2019, respectively, and field measurement data. The image classification to separate mangrove objects used the maximum likelihood method, while the calculation of mangrove density used the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), the Green Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (GNDVI), and the Optimized Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (OSAVI) methods. We also used the linear regression method to determine the relationship between the vegetation index and mangrove density. The results showed that there was a decrease in mangrove distribution area by 70 hectares (ha), where the mangrove forests have been converted mostly into buildings and settlements. NDVI is the most effective vegetation index for mapping the mangrove density in the study area. The calculation results of mangrove density using NDVI showed that there was a decrease in very dense and dense classes of 86.65 ha and 32.59 ha, respectively. The accuracy assessment obtained an overall accuracy of 84.6% and a kappa value of 85.7%. Overall, SPOT-based mapping revealed a 70-ha loss and declining high-density stands, while the NDVI best tracked field density, enabling practical monitoring to support targeted conservation in the coastal waters of Bintan.