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<p>The application of GPS geodesy and MATLAB-based Topo Toolbox geomorphic functions revealed that variable GPS station velocities and fluvial anomalies along and across major thrusts and faults can reflect geomorphic impressions of the active tectonic regime in the Darjeeling-Sikkim Himalaya (DSH). Overall, the displacement behaviour and strain patterns indicate the possibility of future strain release (~ 6.2 to 191.0 µstrain yr<sup>− 1</sup>) toward the eastern part of the DSH (mainly along the region of main boundary thrust (MBT), between the western Tista River and southern Rangit River, as high strain accumulation has been found. These strain rates, which represent 0.0062 to 0.191 mm of deformation per metre of rock annually, are indicative of extremely active tectonic zones that have the potential to produce moderate to large earthquakes in the near future, most likely in the Magnitude 6.0 to 7.5+ range. In the study area, K<sub>sn</sub> (normalized channel steepness index) was considered the foremost function of recent strain accumulation along the MBT and in zones of high seismicity. The Himalayan River basins (viz., Jaldhaka, Rangit, Rani Khola, Relli Khola, Lachung Chu, Gish, Diana, etc.) exhibited noticeable deviations from the steady-state fluvial regime (<i>χ</i> &gt; 3500&#xa0;m) and high index values of K<sub>sn</sub> (178–307 m<sup>0.9</sup>), which had clusters of slope-break knickpoints in response to high uplift rates and high intensities of earthquake epicentres (<i>M</i><sub><i>W</i></sub>&gt;5.0).</p>

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Geomorphic insights into the tectonically active terrain of the Darjeeling Sikkim Himalaya: Observations from GPS surveys and morphometric indices

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月16日

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  • Sandipan Ghosh,
  • Soumya Kundu,
  • Sajid Zaman,
  • Soumita Sengupta

摘要

The application of GPS geodesy and MATLAB-based Topo Toolbox geomorphic functions revealed that variable GPS station velocities and fluvial anomalies along and across major thrusts and faults can reflect geomorphic impressions of the active tectonic regime in the Darjeeling-Sikkim Himalaya (DSH). Overall, the displacement behaviour and strain patterns indicate the possibility of future strain release (~ 6.2 to 191.0 µstrain yr− 1) toward the eastern part of the DSH (mainly along the region of main boundary thrust (MBT), between the western Tista River and southern Rangit River, as high strain accumulation has been found. These strain rates, which represent 0.0062 to 0.191 mm of deformation per metre of rock annually, are indicative of extremely active tectonic zones that have the potential to produce moderate to large earthquakes in the near future, most likely in the Magnitude 6.0 to 7.5+ range. In the study area, Ksn (normalized channel steepness index) was considered the foremost function of recent strain accumulation along the MBT and in zones of high seismicity. The Himalayan River basins (viz., Jaldhaka, Rangit, Rani Khola, Relli Khola, Lachung Chu, Gish, Diana, etc.) exhibited noticeable deviations from the steady-state fluvial regime (χ > 3500 m) and high index values of Ksn (178–307 m0.9), which had clusters of slope-break knickpoints in response to high uplift rates and high intensities of earthquake epicentres (MW>5.0).