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<p>Global Digital Elevation Models (DEMs), such as the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM), play critical roles in different geoscientific works across the world. Nevertheless, such models, geo-referenced to the earth, can still lack accuracy in particular areas, warranting validation on the ground. The validation of the vertical accuracy of the SRTM DEM in the Berinj area, Iraq, was carried out using a ground Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) based high precision DEM as a benchmark. A ground campaign using Real Time Kinematic (RTK) and Precise Point Positioning (PPP) accumulated 783 elevation points. Kriging interpolation to a DEM in a Geographic Information System (GIS) environment provided a continuous, highly accurate reference DEM. There is a visible disparity in the results. As an example, 19.49 and 27.27&#xa0;m represent the elevation range for the GNSS-based DEM. On the other hand, 21.00 and 34.00&#xa0;m represent the SRTM DEM range. The results indicate that there is a disparity in range and maximum elevation between SRTM DEM and the GNSS-based DEM in favor of the SRTM DEM. The SRTM DEM also had a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 3.65&#xa0;m discrepancy, which is considered rather significant. The results of the study have demonstrated the local accuracy of the GNSS-based model, and highlighted the necessity of ground truthing for precise elevation data required for detailed hydrological and geomorphological models. A more accurate topographic map of the study area is the ultimate final product of the study.</p>

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Extraction and accuracy assessment of a GNSS-derived digital elevation model

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月4日

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  • Marwaa K. Azeez,
  • Aqeel A. Abdulhassan,
  • Noor A. Alwan,
  • Zahraa H. Obeid

摘要

Global Digital Elevation Models (DEMs), such as the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM), play critical roles in different geoscientific works across the world. Nevertheless, such models, geo-referenced to the earth, can still lack accuracy in particular areas, warranting validation on the ground. The validation of the vertical accuracy of the SRTM DEM in the Berinj area, Iraq, was carried out using a ground Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) based high precision DEM as a benchmark. A ground campaign using Real Time Kinematic (RTK) and Precise Point Positioning (PPP) accumulated 783 elevation points. Kriging interpolation to a DEM in a Geographic Information System (GIS) environment provided a continuous, highly accurate reference DEM. There is a visible disparity in the results. As an example, 19.49 and 27.27 m represent the elevation range for the GNSS-based DEM. On the other hand, 21.00 and 34.00 m represent the SRTM DEM range. The results indicate that there is a disparity in range and maximum elevation between SRTM DEM and the GNSS-based DEM in favor of the SRTM DEM. The SRTM DEM also had a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 3.65 m discrepancy, which is considered rather significant. The results of the study have demonstrated the local accuracy of the GNSS-based model, and highlighted the necessity of ground truthing for precise elevation data required for detailed hydrological and geomorphological models. A more accurate topographic map of the study area is the ultimate final product of the study.