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<p>This study presents a comprehensive assessment of groundwater quality in Madurai North Taluk, Tamil Nadu, with a focus on its seasonal variation and irrigation suitability. Groundwater samples were collected during the pre- and post-monsoon seasons of 2022 and analyzed for physicochemical parameters including pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), major cations (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, K⁺) and anions (Cl⁻, HCO₃⁻, SO₄²⁻, NO₃⁻), as well as Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) and Sodium Percentage (Na%). The pre-monsoon season exhibited higher concentrations of salts, TDS, and Hardness, attributed to limited recharge and evaporation. Post-monsoon samples showed increased variability due to dilution, leaching, and anthropogenic return flows. Piper Trilinear Diagram interpretations revealed that CaHCO₃ and mixed CaMgCl types were dominant, indicating rock-water interactions and the influence of domestic and agricultural effluents. The USSL Diagram showed that a majority of the samples fall within C2–S1 and C3–S1 fields, reflecting medium to high Salinity with low Sodium hazard. However, a few samples shifted toward C4 salinity classes, particularly in the post-monsoon season, indicates that the need for caution in irrigation usage. The Wilcox classification further supported these findings, with most samples falling into the “excellent to good” and “good to permissible” categories, though several were “doubtful to unsuitable” due to elevated Na%. Overall, the findings suggest that groundwater in the region is generally suitable for irrigation, but localized management strategies like adopting micro-irrigation, introducing salt-tolerant crops, and improving recharge through percolation ponds are required to mitigate increasing salinity and sodium hazards.</p>

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Hydrogeochemical analysis and evaluation of groundwater quality for drinking and irrigation purposes in Madurai North Taluk, Tamil Nadu, India

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月12日

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  • Ravi M,
  • Dinesh Kumar M,
  • Tholkapiyan M,
  • Venkatraman V,
  • Rajagopalan V

摘要

This study presents a comprehensive assessment of groundwater quality in Madurai North Taluk, Tamil Nadu, with a focus on its seasonal variation and irrigation suitability. Groundwater samples were collected during the pre- and post-monsoon seasons of 2022 and analyzed for physicochemical parameters including pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), major cations (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, K⁺) and anions (Cl⁻, HCO₃⁻, SO₄²⁻, NO₃⁻), as well as Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) and Sodium Percentage (Na%). The pre-monsoon season exhibited higher concentrations of salts, TDS, and Hardness, attributed to limited recharge and evaporation. Post-monsoon samples showed increased variability due to dilution, leaching, and anthropogenic return flows. Piper Trilinear Diagram interpretations revealed that CaHCO₃ and mixed CaMgCl types were dominant, indicating rock-water interactions and the influence of domestic and agricultural effluents. The USSL Diagram showed that a majority of the samples fall within C2–S1 and C3–S1 fields, reflecting medium to high Salinity with low Sodium hazard. However, a few samples shifted toward C4 salinity classes, particularly in the post-monsoon season, indicates that the need for caution in irrigation usage. The Wilcox classification further supported these findings, with most samples falling into the “excellent to good” and “good to permissible” categories, though several were “doubtful to unsuitable” due to elevated Na%. Overall, the findings suggest that groundwater in the region is generally suitable for irrigation, but localized management strategies like adopting micro-irrigation, introducing salt-tolerant crops, and improving recharge through percolation ponds are required to mitigate increasing salinity and sodium hazards.