<p>Assessing the resilience of urban rail transit systems helps to identify potential vulnerabilities and facilitates the implementation of measures to strengthen the system’s ability to respond to emergencies. This paper presents a comprehensive literature review on assessing the resilience of urban rail transit systems, introducing the concept of resilience and its quantitative measurement methods. First, this research explores the definition of resilience in urban rail transit and clarifies related concepts. Second, this review classifies commonly used resilience metrics into three main categories: network topology metrics, supply–demand-based metrics, and comprehensive metrics. Next, this paper summarizes common resilience measurement approaches in urban rail transit, including the topological, data-driven, optimization, and simulation approaches. Finally, this review discusses strategies and recommendations to improve the resilience of urban rail transit and suggests topics for future research.</p>