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<p>This study investigates the potential link between exposure to organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and unexplained female infertility (UFI), exploring oxidative stress (OS) as a potential mechanistic pathway underlying this association. Serum samples from 113 women with UFI and 103 healthy controls were analyzed for seven OCPs: 2,4-DDT, 2,4-DDE, 4,4-DDT, 4,4-DDE, α-HCH, β-HCH, and γ-HCH. Enzymatic and non-enzymatic OS biomarkers were also measured. Associations between OCP exposure, OS markers, and UFI risk were assessed using linear and logistic regression models. Women with UFI had significantly higher serum levels of 2,4-DDT, 2,4-DDE, 4,4-DDT, 4,4-DDE, α-HCH, β-HCH, and malondialdehyde (MDA) compared to controls. Conversely, antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD3, GPx3, CAT, and AChE) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were significantly lower. Logistic regression analysis indicated that higher serum concentrations of several OCPs were associated with an increased risk of UFI, including α-HCH (OR = 1.13, 95% CI: 1.084–1.194), β-HCH (OR = 1.04, 95% CI: 1.027–1.054), 2,4-DDE (OR = 1.04, 95% CI: 0.99-1.08), 4,4-DDE (OR = 1.10, 95% CI: 1.067–1.135), 2,4-DDT (OR = 1.17, CI: 1.075–1.287), 4,4-DDT (OR = 1.14, 95% CI: 1.085–1.197) (all <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). A dose–response relationship was observed between increasing levels of certain OCPs, total HCH, total DDT, and UFI risk. Spearman correlation and linear regression analyses confirmed a significant association between OCP exposure and heightened OS in UFI. Additionally, a dose-dependent relationship was observed between OCPs and OS biomarkers, with higher OCP quartiles linked to a marked decrease in AChE, SOD3, and TAC, alongside increased MDA and nitric oxide (NO). These findings suggest that OCP exposure may increase UFI risk through oxidative stress-mediated mechanisms, reflected by increased lipid peroxidation and reduced antioxidant defenses. This highlights the need for further research on environmental risk factors for infertility, particularly in populations with high pesticide exposure, such as agricultural regions.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Organochlorine Pesticides and Unexplained Female Infertility: The Potential Mechanistic Role of Oxidative Stress

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月12日

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  • Sanaz Faramarz,
  • Gholamreza Asadikaram,
  • Mojtaba Abbasi-Jorjandi,
  • Moslem Abolhassani,
  • Mohammad Erfan Norouzmahani,
  • Mohammad Hadi Nemtollahi,
  • Mohammad Raeisi Ahovan,
  • Hossein Pourghadamyari,
  • Clifford Rosen

摘要

This study investigates the potential link between exposure to organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and unexplained female infertility (UFI), exploring oxidative stress (OS) as a potential mechanistic pathway underlying this association. Serum samples from 113 women with UFI and 103 healthy controls were analyzed for seven OCPs: 2,4-DDT, 2,4-DDE, 4,4-DDT, 4,4-DDE, α-HCH, β-HCH, and γ-HCH. Enzymatic and non-enzymatic OS biomarkers were also measured. Associations between OCP exposure, OS markers, and UFI risk were assessed using linear and logistic regression models. Women with UFI had significantly higher serum levels of 2,4-DDT, 2,4-DDE, 4,4-DDT, 4,4-DDE, α-HCH, β-HCH, and malondialdehyde (MDA) compared to controls. Conversely, antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD3, GPx3, CAT, and AChE) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were significantly lower. Logistic regression analysis indicated that higher serum concentrations of several OCPs were associated with an increased risk of UFI, including α-HCH (OR = 1.13, 95% CI: 1.084–1.194), β-HCH (OR = 1.04, 95% CI: 1.027–1.054), 2,4-DDE (OR = 1.04, 95% CI: 0.99-1.08), 4,4-DDE (OR = 1.10, 95% CI: 1.067–1.135), 2,4-DDT (OR = 1.17, CI: 1.075–1.287), 4,4-DDT (OR = 1.14, 95% CI: 1.085–1.197) (all p < 0.001). A dose–response relationship was observed between increasing levels of certain OCPs, total HCH, total DDT, and UFI risk. Spearman correlation and linear regression analyses confirmed a significant association between OCP exposure and heightened OS in UFI. Additionally, a dose-dependent relationship was observed between OCPs and OS biomarkers, with higher OCP quartiles linked to a marked decrease in AChE, SOD3, and TAC, alongside increased MDA and nitric oxide (NO). These findings suggest that OCP exposure may increase UFI risk through oxidative stress-mediated mechanisms, reflected by increased lipid peroxidation and reduced antioxidant defenses. This highlights the need for further research on environmental risk factors for infertility, particularly in populations with high pesticide exposure, such as agricultural regions.

Graphical Abstract