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<p>Haloacetic acids (HAAs) are the second most prevalent group of disinfection by-products in drinking water. Despite evidence of their toxicity, very few occurrence data exists and no health risk assessment has been conducted in Europe. This is the first study to assess the occurrence of HAAs and its associated health risks in France. We conducted a year-long surveillance of HAAs at six drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) in western France (<i>n</i> = 129 samples). We monitored twelve HAAs (including seven emerging compounds) in different types of drinking water samples (from raw groundwater and surface water) by ion chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Then, we assessed exposure via drinking water consumption and the associated health risks of the main HAAs detected. Six HAAs were frequently detected (&gt; 50% of samples). Particularly, dibromoacetic acid (DBAA) contributed to 70%-100% of the five regulated HAAs and 38–84% of the twelve HAAs studied. Moreover, the concentration of the HAAs significantly differed within and among the monitored DWTPs (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05), and water from groundwater sources was less contaminated. Additionally, HAA concentration in drinking water was generally higher in summer. Lastly, the cancer risk assessment revealed a high concern for DBAA at all DWTPs, and to a lesser extent for dibromochloroacetic acid and bromodichloroacetic acid. Despite the uncertainties involved, this work concludes that drinking water quality standards need to be reviewed: reducing limits according to the “as low as reasonably achievable” (ALARA) principle and incorporating mixed brominated HAAs in the drinking water monitoring programmes.</p>

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Brominated Haloacetic Acids and the Need for Stricter Drinking Water Policies: A Case Study in Western France

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月2日

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  • Mari-Vorgan Louyer,
  • Nathalie Bonvallot,
  • Cécile Jabalot,
  • Marie-Florence Thomas

摘要

Haloacetic acids (HAAs) are the second most prevalent group of disinfection by-products in drinking water. Despite evidence of their toxicity, very few occurrence data exists and no health risk assessment has been conducted in Europe. This is the first study to assess the occurrence of HAAs and its associated health risks in France. We conducted a year-long surveillance of HAAs at six drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) in western France (n = 129 samples). We monitored twelve HAAs (including seven emerging compounds) in different types of drinking water samples (from raw groundwater and surface water) by ion chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Then, we assessed exposure via drinking water consumption and the associated health risks of the main HAAs detected. Six HAAs were frequently detected (> 50% of samples). Particularly, dibromoacetic acid (DBAA) contributed to 70%-100% of the five regulated HAAs and 38–84% of the twelve HAAs studied. Moreover, the concentration of the HAAs significantly differed within and among the monitored DWTPs (p < 0.05), and water from groundwater sources was less contaminated. Additionally, HAA concentration in drinking water was generally higher in summer. Lastly, the cancer risk assessment revealed a high concern for DBAA at all DWTPs, and to a lesser extent for dibromochloroacetic acid and bromodichloroacetic acid. Despite the uncertainties involved, this work concludes that drinking water quality standards need to be reviewed: reducing limits according to the “as low as reasonably achievable” (ALARA) principle and incorporating mixed brominated HAAs in the drinking water monitoring programmes.