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<p>India is a global hotspot of air pollution, however, the associated health impacts on population in highly affected urban and industrial regions remain poorly understood. This study investigated the association among ambient air pollutants, particulate matter (PM) bound and blood trace metals and socio-economic factors with key indicators of potential future health risks, including haematological parameters, across semi-urban (Bolpur), urban (Kolkata) and industrial (Durgapur) regions in eastern India. The annual mean concentrations (µg/m<sup>3</sup>) of PM<sub>2.5</sub> (145.6 ± 64.35), nitrogen dioxide (NO<sub>2</sub>) (215.05 ± 32.89) and ozone (O<sub>3</sub>) (82.34 ± 14.88) were significantly (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05) higher in urban areas, whereas PM<sub>10</sub> (263.2 ± 121.55), sulphur dioxide (SO<sub>2</sub>) (49.71 ± 21.60) and carbon monoxide (CO) (03.60 ± 3.06) were significantly (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05) higher in industrial regions. Moreover, trace metal concentrations in ambient air and blood were notably elevated in industrial and urban areas. The carcinogenic (CR &gt; 1.00E-06) and non-carcinogenic (HI &gt; 1) health risks were also found to be higher in urban and industrial areas compared to the semi-urban area. Correlation analyses highlighted strong associations between airborne metal and blood metal levels. Discriminant analysis successfully distinguished haematological profiles among the study areas. Higher white blood cells (WBC) counts, neutrophil counts, lipid profiles, blood glucose and serum protein levels were recorded in urban site, whereas higher circulating triglyceride levels, platelet counts, gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGTD), and creatinine levels, and lower red blood cell (RBC) and haemoglobin levels were noted in the industrial site. These profiles indicate a potential risk of cardiovascular diseases, metabolic disorders, inflammation, as well as liver and kidney dysfunction in individuals in urban and industrial areas. Overall, this study demonstrated a marked association between elevated air pollution and the potential for adverse human health outcomes in eastern India.</p>

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Airborne Particulate-bound Metal Exposure, Haematological Responses, and Associated Non-Carcinogenic and Carcinogenic Risks in adult male residents of Urban and Industrial Regions of West Bengal, India

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月4日

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  • Buddhadev Ghosh,
  • Mallika Chowdhury,
  • Suraj Ghosh,
  • Rumi Rabha,
  • Arindam Chatterjee,
  • Pratap Kumar Padhy,
  • Som Niyogi,
  • Pulak Kumar Patra,
  • Markus Hecker

摘要

India is a global hotspot of air pollution, however, the associated health impacts on population in highly affected urban and industrial regions remain poorly understood. This study investigated the association among ambient air pollutants, particulate matter (PM) bound and blood trace metals and socio-economic factors with key indicators of potential future health risks, including haematological parameters, across semi-urban (Bolpur), urban (Kolkata) and industrial (Durgapur) regions in eastern India. The annual mean concentrations (µg/m3) of PM2.5 (145.6 ± 64.35), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) (215.05 ± 32.89) and ozone (O3) (82.34 ± 14.88) were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in urban areas, whereas PM10 (263.2 ± 121.55), sulphur dioxide (SO2) (49.71 ± 21.60) and carbon monoxide (CO) (03.60 ± 3.06) were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in industrial regions. Moreover, trace metal concentrations in ambient air and blood were notably elevated in industrial and urban areas. The carcinogenic (CR > 1.00E-06) and non-carcinogenic (HI > 1) health risks were also found to be higher in urban and industrial areas compared to the semi-urban area. Correlation analyses highlighted strong associations between airborne metal and blood metal levels. Discriminant analysis successfully distinguished haematological profiles among the study areas. Higher white blood cells (WBC) counts, neutrophil counts, lipid profiles, blood glucose and serum protein levels were recorded in urban site, whereas higher circulating triglyceride levels, platelet counts, gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGTD), and creatinine levels, and lower red blood cell (RBC) and haemoglobin levels were noted in the industrial site. These profiles indicate a potential risk of cardiovascular diseases, metabolic disorders, inflammation, as well as liver and kidney dysfunction in individuals in urban and industrial areas. Overall, this study demonstrated a marked association between elevated air pollution and the potential for adverse human health outcomes in eastern India.