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<p>The reuse of wastewater for agricultural irrigation has been documented as a strategy to reduce water demand in various countries. Given that rice is a staple food globally, the uptake of pharmaceutical compounds as emerging contaminants in rice grains (the edible, unprocessed portion) through wastewater irrigation has not been extensively investigated in different genetically modified cultivars. This study examines the occurrence of pharmaceuticals in three distinct cultivars of rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.) irrigated with both municipal tap water and treated urban domestic wastewater effluent (reclaimed water). The research focuses on the uptake concentrations of twenty commonly detected pharmaceuticals in different plant tissues, including roots, leaves, and grains. The recovery efficiency of all pharmaceuticals ranged between 89 and 111%, as determined using an extraction technique validated with spiked control samples before and after extraction from rice plant tissues. Pharmaceuticals were identified through liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QqTOF-MS). Among the twenty pharmaceuticals analyzed, twelve were consistently detected in the roots, leaves, and grains of the rice plants. The highest pharmaceuticals concentrations are found in NMR191 and NMRIS21 grains, reinforcing previous findings that these genetically modified cultivars exhibit increased pharmaceutical retention. The estimated exposure to pharmaceuticals through rice consumption, expressed as medical dose equivalents, exceeded the acceptable daily intake for atenolol, metoprolol, propranolol, venlafaxine, citalopram, fluconazole, carbamazepine, loratadine, and salbutamol. Understanding the uptake concentrations of pharmaceuticals in rice plants via irrigation water, particularly in grains (genetically modified cultivars), is essential for evaluating environmental contamination risks and addressing food security concerns.</p>

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Uptake of Pharmaceuticals in Rice Plant Cultivars Through Reclaimed Water Irrigation: Impact on Food Security

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月2日

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  • Khalid Sayed,
  • Wan Hanna Melini Wan Mohtar,
  • Zarimah Mohd Hanafiah,
  • Nurulhikma Md Isa,
  • Chiah Enyo Yi Jie,
  • M. I. Syakir

摘要

The reuse of wastewater for agricultural irrigation has been documented as a strategy to reduce water demand in various countries. Given that rice is a staple food globally, the uptake of pharmaceutical compounds as emerging contaminants in rice grains (the edible, unprocessed portion) through wastewater irrigation has not been extensively investigated in different genetically modified cultivars. This study examines the occurrence of pharmaceuticals in three distinct cultivars of rice (Oryza sativa L.) irrigated with both municipal tap water and treated urban domestic wastewater effluent (reclaimed water). The research focuses on the uptake concentrations of twenty commonly detected pharmaceuticals in different plant tissues, including roots, leaves, and grains. The recovery efficiency of all pharmaceuticals ranged between 89 and 111%, as determined using an extraction technique validated with spiked control samples before and after extraction from rice plant tissues. Pharmaceuticals were identified through liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QqTOF-MS). Among the twenty pharmaceuticals analyzed, twelve were consistently detected in the roots, leaves, and grains of the rice plants. The highest pharmaceuticals concentrations are found in NMR191 and NMRIS21 grains, reinforcing previous findings that these genetically modified cultivars exhibit increased pharmaceutical retention. The estimated exposure to pharmaceuticals through rice consumption, expressed as medical dose equivalents, exceeded the acceptable daily intake for atenolol, metoprolol, propranolol, venlafaxine, citalopram, fluconazole, carbamazepine, loratadine, and salbutamol. Understanding the uptake concentrations of pharmaceuticals in rice plants via irrigation water, particularly in grains (genetically modified cultivars), is essential for evaluating environmental contamination risks and addressing food security concerns.