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<p>The legacy persistent organic pollutants (POPs) like polychlorinated dibenzo dioxin/furans (PCDD/Fs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are potentially toxic environmental and food contaminants entailing extensive surveillance and regulatory controls. Human milk is an ideal matrix for portraying the global baseline levels and human exposure risk estimates of dioxin like (dl)-POPs, though relevant information is scarce from many economies in transition like India, bringing obvious geographical gaps. This pilot scale cross-sectional study was aimed to assess the current PCDD/Fs and PCBs body burden of general population of Kerala, Southern India with substantial animal-origin food intake, and to employ the observed levels for articulating the related maternal risk factors, newborn anthropometric measurements and postnatal infant intakes. The detected median milk dl-POPs level (5.39 pgTEQ/g fat), being lower than the EFSA reference value (5.9 pgTEQ/g fat), indicated that the study population was under safe exposure levels in general. Regarding breastfeeding infant exposure risks, median dl-POPs daily intake was estimated to be 19.84 pgTEQ kg<sup>−1</sup>bw day<sup>−1</sup>, comparable to the globally observed levels. Further, on exploring the association of milk contaminant levels with characteristics related to maternal recurrent exposure, maternal age, BMI and animal-origin food intake were identified as the key contributors to population exposure. Moreover, investigations regarding birth outcomes revealed significant inverse association of newborn birth weight and length with milk ndl-PCBs. However, the stratified findings by gender revealed a positive association of dl-PCBs levels with birth weight and length amongst male infants. Overall, our observations depicted advancing information on chemical exposure that recommends continuous surveillance of human dietary exposure and body burdens, and source reduction measures via stringent regulatory controls to further reduce dl-POPs human exposure risks in the region.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Association of Human Milk Dioxin Like-POPs Levels with Maternal Characteristics and Newborn Anthropometric Measurements: A Cross-sectional Study from Southern India

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月14日

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  • Amala Varghese,
  • Rahul M. Chirackal,
  • V. C. Manoj,
  • C. Kesavachandran,
  • K. P. Prathish

摘要

The legacy persistent organic pollutants (POPs) like polychlorinated dibenzo dioxin/furans (PCDD/Fs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are potentially toxic environmental and food contaminants entailing extensive surveillance and regulatory controls. Human milk is an ideal matrix for portraying the global baseline levels and human exposure risk estimates of dioxin like (dl)-POPs, though relevant information is scarce from many economies in transition like India, bringing obvious geographical gaps. This pilot scale cross-sectional study was aimed to assess the current PCDD/Fs and PCBs body burden of general population of Kerala, Southern India with substantial animal-origin food intake, and to employ the observed levels for articulating the related maternal risk factors, newborn anthropometric measurements and postnatal infant intakes. The detected median milk dl-POPs level (5.39 pgTEQ/g fat), being lower than the EFSA reference value (5.9 pgTEQ/g fat), indicated that the study population was under safe exposure levels in general. Regarding breastfeeding infant exposure risks, median dl-POPs daily intake was estimated to be 19.84 pgTEQ kg−1bw day−1, comparable to the globally observed levels. Further, on exploring the association of milk contaminant levels with characteristics related to maternal recurrent exposure, maternal age, BMI and animal-origin food intake were identified as the key contributors to population exposure. Moreover, investigations regarding birth outcomes revealed significant inverse association of newborn birth weight and length with milk ndl-PCBs. However, the stratified findings by gender revealed a positive association of dl-PCBs levels with birth weight and length amongst male infants. Overall, our observations depicted advancing information on chemical exposure that recommends continuous surveillance of human dietary exposure and body burdens, and source reduction measures via stringent regulatory controls to further reduce dl-POPs human exposure risks in the region.

Graphical Abstract