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<p>Controlled-release food packaging (CRP) seeks to maintain antimicrobial, antioxidant, or ripening-control agents within an effective concentration window, thereby overcoming the burst release and rapid activity loss frequently observed in conventional active packaging. Translation remains limited, however, because release behaviour is commonly evaluated in simplified simulants, mechanistic interpretations are often borrowed uncritically from pharmaceutical delivery, and material innovation is insufficiently connected to food-matrix partitioning, package architecture, manufacturability, and food-contact safety. This review critically examines CRP as a coupled functional system governed by release mechanism, carrier material, fabrication architecture, food composition, and storage environment. Diffusion, swelling and polymer relaxation, erosion, partitioning, and stimulus-responsive release are evaluated across biopolymer, biodegradable polyester, nanocomposite, and porous-host platforms. The available evidence indicates that multilayer, reservoir, encapsulation, and core–shell architectures generally provide more reliable control of burst release than increasing active-agent loading alone. Nevertheless, comparison across studies is hindered by inconsistent release media, loading normalization, boundary conditions, kinetic modelling, food validation, and migration assessment. A standardized reporting framework and a packaging-adapted readiness rubric are therefore proposed. Future progress will depend on realistic food-level validation, safety-by-design, scalable manufacturing, regulatory evidence, and demonstrated reduction of food loss under relevant supply-chain conditions.</p>

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Controlled-release Food Packaging as Functional Systems: Integrating Mechanisms, Materials, Manufacturing, and Translational Barriers

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月23日

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  • Nasra Seif Juma,
  • Amina Shuaibu,
  • Abubakar Shuaibu

摘要

Controlled-release food packaging (CRP) seeks to maintain antimicrobial, antioxidant, or ripening-control agents within an effective concentration window, thereby overcoming the burst release and rapid activity loss frequently observed in conventional active packaging. Translation remains limited, however, because release behaviour is commonly evaluated in simplified simulants, mechanistic interpretations are often borrowed uncritically from pharmaceutical delivery, and material innovation is insufficiently connected to food-matrix partitioning, package architecture, manufacturability, and food-contact safety. This review critically examines CRP as a coupled functional system governed by release mechanism, carrier material, fabrication architecture, food composition, and storage environment. Diffusion, swelling and polymer relaxation, erosion, partitioning, and stimulus-responsive release are evaluated across biopolymer, biodegradable polyester, nanocomposite, and porous-host platforms. The available evidence indicates that multilayer, reservoir, encapsulation, and core–shell architectures generally provide more reliable control of burst release than increasing active-agent loading alone. Nevertheless, comparison across studies is hindered by inconsistent release media, loading normalization, boundary conditions, kinetic modelling, food validation, and migration assessment. A standardized reporting framework and a packaging-adapted readiness rubric are therefore proposed. Future progress will depend on realistic food-level validation, safety-by-design, scalable manufacturing, regulatory evidence, and demonstrated reduction of food loss under relevant supply-chain conditions.