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<p>When stone materials are impacted by environmental factors, black crusts often form on their surfaces, detrimentally impacting the aesthetic value of geoheritage. Thus, it is very important to study the composition of the black crusts and the source of pollutants for heritage conservation. In this study, the chemical composition of Dazu sandstone crusts was characterized by a series of analytical methods such as Scanning Electron Microscope - Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), and Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). The results indicate that the black crust is primarily composed of gypsum, calcite, quartz, and organic pollutants such as fatty acids, long-chain alkanes, and acrylamide. Compared with the weathering crust, the clay minerals content of the black crust is lower, and those of the pollutant compounds are higher. The formation of black crusts is the result of long-term environmental pollutant deposition, chemical reaction and organic polymerization. Black crust existence not only aggravates the deterioration and structural damage of stone but could also pose a potential threat to human health. This study provides valuable theoretical support for cleaning black crusts on geoheritage structures.</p>

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Tracing of Pollution Sources in Black Crusts on the Surface of Geoheritage: A Case Study of the UNESCO World Heritage Dazu Rock Carvings

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月22日

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  • Haiqing Yang,
  • Xingyue Li,
  • Chongchong Qi,
  • Binoy Sarkar,
  • Daniel S. Alessi,
  • Yong Sik Ok

摘要

When stone materials are impacted by environmental factors, black crusts often form on their surfaces, detrimentally impacting the aesthetic value of geoheritage. Thus, it is very important to study the composition of the black crusts and the source of pollutants for heritage conservation. In this study, the chemical composition of Dazu sandstone crusts was characterized by a series of analytical methods such as Scanning Electron Microscope - Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), and Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). The results indicate that the black crust is primarily composed of gypsum, calcite, quartz, and organic pollutants such as fatty acids, long-chain alkanes, and acrylamide. Compared with the weathering crust, the clay minerals content of the black crust is lower, and those of the pollutant compounds are higher. The formation of black crusts is the result of long-term environmental pollutant deposition, chemical reaction and organic polymerization. Black crust existence not only aggravates the deterioration and structural damage of stone but could also pose a potential threat to human health. This study provides valuable theoretical support for cleaning black crusts on geoheritage structures.