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<p>This research investigates how a robot’s communication style influences human perception of its response delay in conversations. While humans typically respond within 200 ms in human conversations and a previous study identified one second as the preferred response time for robots, how a robot’s communication style influences temporal expectations remains unexplored. Study 1 employed a psychophysical method: 210 participants watched 150 videos in which a human asked yes/no questions and a robot responded with 15 different delays (100–1500 ms) while exhibiting one of four communication styles (authoritarian, submissive, neutral, childish) or being hidden behind a curtain (control condition). Participants judged whether each response was too fast or too slow. Results revealed an optimal response delay of approximately 700 ms, independent of communication style or visibility; however, submissive and childish styles elicited significantly flatter psychometric curves, suggesting greater tolerance for deviations from optimal timing. In Study 2, 420 participants were each assigned to one of 12 conditions (four styles × three delays: 200, 700, 1500 ms), watched 30 videos (from Study 1), and rated the robot using two questionnaires. Response delay had no effect on measured dimensions, and communication style significantly influenced perceptions. Authoritarian style received lower ratings for attractiveness, perceived enjoyment and sociability, with higher ratings for anxiety. These findings extend prior knowledge of human preferences for a robot response timing and suggest humans detect variations in response delays, but do not interpret them as meaningful social cues in human-robot interactions, while robot communication style significantly influences social perception.</p>

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Talking to Robots: Does a Robot’s Personality Change How we Feel About its Response Delay?

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月3日

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  • Robin Gigandet,
  • Tatjana A. Nazir

摘要

This research investigates how a robot’s communication style influences human perception of its response delay in conversations. While humans typically respond within 200 ms in human conversations and a previous study identified one second as the preferred response time for robots, how a robot’s communication style influences temporal expectations remains unexplored. Study 1 employed a psychophysical method: 210 participants watched 150 videos in which a human asked yes/no questions and a robot responded with 15 different delays (100–1500 ms) while exhibiting one of four communication styles (authoritarian, submissive, neutral, childish) or being hidden behind a curtain (control condition). Participants judged whether each response was too fast or too slow. Results revealed an optimal response delay of approximately 700 ms, independent of communication style or visibility; however, submissive and childish styles elicited significantly flatter psychometric curves, suggesting greater tolerance for deviations from optimal timing. In Study 2, 420 participants were each assigned to one of 12 conditions (four styles × three delays: 200, 700, 1500 ms), watched 30 videos (from Study 1), and rated the robot using two questionnaires. Response delay had no effect on measured dimensions, and communication style significantly influenced perceptions. Authoritarian style received lower ratings for attractiveness, perceived enjoyment and sociability, with higher ratings for anxiety. These findings extend prior knowledge of human preferences for a robot response timing and suggest humans detect variations in response delays, but do not interpret them as meaningful social cues in human-robot interactions, while robot communication style significantly influences social perception.