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<p>4-Coumarate: CoA ligase (4CL) serves as a pivotal enzyme in flavonoid and lignin biosynthesis, critically influencing plant stress adaptation. This study presents the first genome-wide identification and characterization of the 4CL gene family in red beet (<i>Beta vulgaris</i>), revealing 27 Bv4CL genes. Comprehensive phylogenetic analysis classified Bv4CLs into seven evolutionary clades, demonstrating lineage-specific expansion distinct from Arabidopsis and other species. Promoter analysis identified abundant cis-acting elements associated with abiotic stresses (drought and salinity) and hormonal responses (ABA, MeJA, and GA). Expression profiling under multiple stresses revealed functional diversification: <i>Bv4CL10</i> was significantly upregulated under drought and salt stress, while <i>Bv4CL6</i> was downregulated by auxin (IAA). <i>Bv4CL18</i> showed consistent downregulation under both drought and salt conditions, suggesting a negative regulatory role. Critically, developmental transcriptomics uncovered stage-specific regulation—<i>Bv4CL1</i> was upregulated during late growth phases for cell wall reinforcement, whereas <i>Bv4CL15</i>, <i>Bv4CL19</i>, <i>Bv4CL20</i>, and <i>Bv4CL26</i> were progressively downregulated, reflecting shifting metabolic demands. Integration of promoter architecture, expression dynamics, and pathway enrichment establishes <i>Bv4CL10</i>, <i>Bv4CL6</i>, and <i>Bv4CL26</i> as priority candidates for engineering stress-resilient germplasm, providing a molecular framework for enhancing red beet environmental adaptation.</p>

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4CL Gene Family in Red Beet: Genome-wide Identification, Stress-responsive Expression Patterns, and their Role in Coordinating Secondary Metabolism and Growth Regulation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月4日

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  • Xiaowen Lan,
  • Naixin Liu,
  • Qin Zhou,
  • Mengpu Jin,
  • Yanan Liu,
  • Longzhi Tang

摘要

4-Coumarate: CoA ligase (4CL) serves as a pivotal enzyme in flavonoid and lignin biosynthesis, critically influencing plant stress adaptation. This study presents the first genome-wide identification and characterization of the 4CL gene family in red beet (Beta vulgaris), revealing 27 Bv4CL genes. Comprehensive phylogenetic analysis classified Bv4CLs into seven evolutionary clades, demonstrating lineage-specific expansion distinct from Arabidopsis and other species. Promoter analysis identified abundant cis-acting elements associated with abiotic stresses (drought and salinity) and hormonal responses (ABA, MeJA, and GA). Expression profiling under multiple stresses revealed functional diversification: Bv4CL10 was significantly upregulated under drought and salt stress, while Bv4CL6 was downregulated by auxin (IAA). Bv4CL18 showed consistent downregulation under both drought and salt conditions, suggesting a negative regulatory role. Critically, developmental transcriptomics uncovered stage-specific regulation—Bv4CL1 was upregulated during late growth phases for cell wall reinforcement, whereas Bv4CL15, Bv4CL19, Bv4CL20, and Bv4CL26 were progressively downregulated, reflecting shifting metabolic demands. Integration of promoter architecture, expression dynamics, and pathway enrichment establishes Bv4CL10, Bv4CL6, and Bv4CL26 as priority candidates for engineering stress-resilient germplasm, providing a molecular framework for enhancing red beet environmental adaptation.