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<p> In today’s market, shelf space and expiration dates significantly impact an item's demand. This study develops an inventory model that incorporates shelf space and expiration rates, accounting for varying lead time scenarios. Consumer preference for freshness is increasing under the current EOQ model, which drives investments in preservation technology to enhance the freshness of perishable goods. However, this often leads to increased carbon emissions. Companies can mitigate the risk of expiring products by running targeted advertising, offering discounts, and adjusting inventory levels based on demand forecasts and expiration dates. Thus, this study creates a model that addresses demand influenced by advertisement, stock levels, and expiration rates, considering three lead time scenarios: (i) items arriving before stock depletion, avoiding shortages; (ii) items arriving just in time, maintaining inventory levels; and (iii) items arriving after stock depletion, leading to backlogs. To account for uncertainty in parameters, the study employs cylindrical and triangular neutrosophic numbers. Numerical examples and sensitivity analyses are conducted to evaluate the effects of parameter variations on the model’s performance. The overall expenses decrease by 20% as the cost of preservation rises. Increasing preservation spending guarantees that objects are preserved in top condition, which facilitates sales.</p>

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A sustainable inventory model considering shelf space, expiration rate-dependent demand integrating lead time, and shortages in a neutrosophic framework

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月25日

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  • Puja Supakar,
  • Shilpi Pal,
  • Avishek Chakraborty

摘要

In today’s market, shelf space and expiration dates significantly impact an item's demand. This study develops an inventory model that incorporates shelf space and expiration rates, accounting for varying lead time scenarios. Consumer preference for freshness is increasing under the current EOQ model, which drives investments in preservation technology to enhance the freshness of perishable goods. However, this often leads to increased carbon emissions. Companies can mitigate the risk of expiring products by running targeted advertising, offering discounts, and adjusting inventory levels based on demand forecasts and expiration dates. Thus, this study creates a model that addresses demand influenced by advertisement, stock levels, and expiration rates, considering three lead time scenarios: (i) items arriving before stock depletion, avoiding shortages; (ii) items arriving just in time, maintaining inventory levels; and (iii) items arriving after stock depletion, leading to backlogs. To account for uncertainty in parameters, the study employs cylindrical and triangular neutrosophic numbers. Numerical examples and sensitivity analyses are conducted to evaluate the effects of parameter variations on the model’s performance. The overall expenses decrease by 20% as the cost of preservation rises. Increasing preservation spending guarantees that objects are preserved in top condition, which facilitates sales.